Enclose Environmental High-quality

As well as the transport infrastructures - that they enclose sometimes (cf Autoroute S, TGV, private ways.) - the fences contribute to the Fragmentation écopaysagère which become one of the first causes of regression of the Biodiversité. For certain species and according to the type of fence, Europe is thus split up of tens to hundreds of million of pieces by fences. The impact of this fragmentation hardly start to be studied.

A Clôture known as of “High-quality Environmental” (HQE) is conceived to decrease the impact of its materials, its transport, its implementation and the maintenance of the Clôture on the Biodiversité, that it is in zone agricultural, in a retail park or industrial or around public gardens or private.

Objectives

The apparently contradictory object of fence known as HQE is to limit a ground or to prohibit the entry of it, while allowing that many wild animals can enter there and leave there, because of the fact that their natural and nonfragmented habitat S is less and less many and wide. Certain fences have indeed the defect to worsen the phenomenon of Fragmentation écopaysagère by blocking the access of a growing number of natural habitats or substitution, and thus of sources of Nourriture, places of rest, habitat or reproduction essential to the survival of many species.

This type of fences takes part in the architecturelle approach known as with Environmental High-quality. The approaches of the type Fifteenth target HQE consist in designing the fence like a filter, selectively letting pass certain species considered to be undesirable, to try to contribute to the mending of meshes of the landscapes by biological corridors. They invite also their originators and owners with the végétaliser and to conceive them and manage so that these fences they-even offer ecological niches of substitution to the species which lose them.

Case of the natural fences

The natural fences are in a general way, more adapted to the passage of the wild fauna.

One can consider and combine various types of fences little artificialisantes, of which for example:

the pastoral Hedge used since centuries like fence, possibly associated with a slope or ditch, allowing to protect itself from the glance of others, excesses of the climate, the erosion of the grounds, while offering heating or sawlog and being used as biological corridor.

The choice of local, natural and adapted gasolines reinforces its interest for the biodiversity and its impact strength. To respect the environment, it is advised to avoid the monospecific and uniform hedges, more sensitive to the climatic risks and the diseases and less appreciated fauna. One can privilege the species which will produce edible bays and fruits for fauna and the avifauna, with for example, for an area of the center of Western Europe; the Viorne obier, the black Elder tree, the blood Dogwood, the male Dogwood, the Sorb of the bird-catchers, the Service-tree, the Hazel tree, the Charm, the houx or the Hawthorn, the wild rose and the Sloe. The Chèvrefeuille will embaumera the evenings of summer. The Privet or the Buis will insulate visually. The feet of the hedge should not be déshervé, it can accommodate a rich flora, of which the wild strawberry.

A pastoral hedge is very favorable to the maintenance of the biodiversity in the garden, the fields or the zone of activity. It is the last refuge of the ladybirds and predatory respectively large carabes of the plant louses and slugs. The old hedges shelter and attract the night raptors and bald person mouse which control the populations of insects and undesirable rodents. Species like the houx (male), the hawthorn or the wild rose precociously attract in spring a multitude of pollinating insects (syrphes, wasp and bee). In autumn, the fruits of the hawthorn (cenelle) and wild rose (cynorrhodon) very rich in vitamien are very appreciated sedentary birds or of passage. In winter, the hedge offers a refuge to the shelter of the cold and bad weather for many species (bird, shrew, hedgehog). The Lierre offers to the bees the last Pollen of the autumn and the first fruits with the birds of return of migration at the end of the winter.

a simple rather broad, deep and muddy ditch is generally as dissuasive and difficult to cross as a fence. Certain small animals will be able nevertheless to cross it. Like its banks, it can also have a function of small biological Corridor and/or purification and storage of water.

the ronciers and hedges of thorn-bush (hawthorn, sloe in Europe) constitute effective fences and an important habitat for fauna, but require a maintenance.

Case of the artificial fences

A large variety of materials is used to build a fence: wood, stones, brick, breeze blocks, netting, wire barbed or electrified, etc
Plus a fence is " ouverte" , more it supports the passage of the animals; a barbed wire fence will be more permeable than a netting, itself more permeable than a concrete or brick wall.

When the fence already exists, one can increase his ecological potential by some installations.

a first solution consists in making openings of variable diameters to the foot of the fence. That allows the passage of the small mammals (hedgehog, fox possibly). However, this type of installation offers, according to the diameter of the openings, a potential entry with the wandering dogs or some undesirable species.
Another solution tested in Great Britain and into London within the framework of the restoration of the biological corridors for the Fox S, is to place on each side of the wall or netting a scale soft inclined. The bars of this scale are designed judiciously: they resist in the passing of a fox but yield under the weight of a man. The role of the fence is not faded. The scale can possibly be covered with Lierre or very other épiphyte.
If the two preceding solutions are not applicable, one can végétaliser then the walls. (See the article Wall vegetalized)

Precautions

Certain fences are useful for the protection of animals, to secure species invasive or invading, or for example to protect the Amphibians from the Roadkill (crushing on the roads). One can thus protect the Batracien S in migration (including tritons and salamanders) from the dangers of a road by a small fence with fine mesh or out of materials smoothes, provided with a reverse so that the animals able to climb on perpendicular walls cannot cross it (the triton S for example, are able to go up on a wall in Verre one height meter). This wall can guide them towards small a écoduc of the type Crapauduc or Batrachoduc

References

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