Employee
Historically, the employed returns initially to the public office. Thus, when Balzac written to the employees , it evokes initially the employees of the public office. The appearance of the employee in the private sector goes back to the 19th century when the term supplants gradually that of Commis.
Separation between the Working and the employee poses problem. Many authors evoke at the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century the question of the manual Travail. However, this apparently obvious separation resists badly the examination of the situation of the 19th century even: one finds guard-stores, Contremaître S etc, or others Salarié S carrying out a manual work and yet classified like employees.
Fritz Croner proposed a distinction resting on the idea of the delegation: the employees would exert the functions which the owners carried out before. Several authors (Kocka, Gardey) express their dissensions starting from case studies in Germany and France.
Delphine Gardey proposes it a third explanation resting on the work place: what would characterize the employee, it is its work place to know the office. This definition has the merit to be more flexible, since it makes it possible to include people working indeed with manual duties and others carrying out a more intellectual work.
See too
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