Empennage

The empennage is a whole of fixed plans and mobiles which ensure the Stabilité and the Gouverne in Tangage (depth) and in Lacet (direction) of a plane.

The large majority of the Aérodyne S (planes, sailplanes) is equipped with an empennage placed at the rear.

The arrows and Fléchette S are stabilized by feathers.

The whole of horizontal and vertical planes placed at the rear of the Fuselage develops aerodynamic loads as soon as the apparatus déplace.

These forces are used with stabilization and piloting (Gouverne S). There is a minimal speed of control on the ground and in vol.

The empennage is generally composed:
- of a fixed drift vertical provided with a Rudder (or Control surface of direction),
- of a horizontal part which can present several alternatives:

  • a horizontal Plan fixes provided with a mobile Gouverne of depth, it is the " type; classique" ,
  • a trimmable horizontal stabilizer provided with a Control surface of depth. The Calage of the horizontal plane can be regulated in flight to ensure balance being appropriate for the conditions speed and Centrage (trim).
  • a mobile horizontal plan provided with a mobile shutter of depth also, the unit forming the elevator. Two surfaces swivel in the same direction, the shutter being directed more than the part before (empennage of the Airbus),
  • a horizontal plane " monobloc" mobile provided with a small back shutter; two surfaces swivel in the same direction, the small back shutter being used as trim of depth.

  • Empennage in T

the plan of depth can be gone up in top of the drift:
to escape from the wake from the fuselage and the deflection from the wing,
to escape the ground effect (stability in pitching of the planes with Ground effect),
in the case of sailplanes, not to hang the vegetation in the event of landing in the countryside.

  • Empennage out of V

On certain models, the empennage is composed of two oblique parts, producing an empennage " papillon".

Examples: Fouga Magister, Beech V-35, Robin ATL

  • Vertical stabilizer doubles or triple on certain planes, generally multi-engine with propellers.

  • the planes twin-boom as Lockeed P-38 are generally bidérive .

The effective lengthening of the horizontal stabilizer is increased by the effect of plate of end of the dérives.
He égement plays a structural part by uniting the two beams.

Planes without empennage

the functions of stabilization and control surface is deferred on the wing, whose form in plan and profiles carrying are modified consequently.

  • Delta wings
On the planes with Delta wing without empennage, the elevator is integrated into the wing, and bears the name of elevator. If it also fulfills the role of aileron (mixing of the control surfaces), it is called elevon.

  • Avions ducks

Certains planes presents a Plan duck located at front, which is not an empennage but a foil. The function elevator can be filled by a shutter placed on the duck plan, but it is well the back wing which plays the part of stabilizing empennage.

  • Planes " three surfaces"
the Piaggio P180 Avanti is a conventional plane (with empennage postpones) presenting a Plan duck to the front one.

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