Elias Magnus Fries

Biography

Single child of Thore Fries, a Pasteur impassioned by the Botanical , Elias Fries is born and grows with the Presbytère of Femsjö, a small parish isolated in the Western part of Småland to the borders of the province of Halland. Until the nine years age, it is his/her father who undertakes his education. Rocked at the same time by the Latin daily and the observation nature (it is able to recognize more than 400 plants at age the fourteen years), it is quite naturally that it devotes its life to this double vocation, writing its scientific Latin diary, while controlling the Swedish with enough of elegance to be allowed later with the number of the eighteen members of the Swedish Académie.

It is only in 1803, that he attends his first school with Växjö (Comté of Kronoberg). In the college, it publishes already articles of botany and inventory S of plants, of which the Flora Femsionensis . However, in fact the mushrooms, very abundant in the area will exert on him a true fascination.

After its studies at the university of Lund, it obtains the rank of Privatdozent (Doctorate) in 1814, of professor-assistant in 1819, then of professor in 1824.

Between 1821 and 1832, it publishes three volumes of sound Systema mycologicum… , fundamental work in the history of the mycology, which is the starting point of the mycologic nomenclature.

It is named practical professor of economy to the Université of Uppsala in 1834 then of botany in 1852. It takes its continuous retirement in 1859 but to direct the Botanical garden and the natural history museum of botany until in 1863.

Member of the Swedish Academy in 1847 and of the Royal Society in 1875.

His/her son is the Swedish botanist Theodor Magnus Fries (1832-1913).

In botany, the Friesia (of the Tiliaceae) was dedicated to him by of Candolle (1778-1841) in 1824. A hundred species were dedicated to him in mycology (see lower list).

Contributions of Fries in mycology

The botanists were interested little in mushrooms, except notable for Dutch Persoon, which was the first to start a coherent classification, in particular founded, at mushrooms with blades, on the presence of veils.

Until the end of the 18th century, mycology was still a kind of pastime for “aristocrats naturalists”. The pioneers of mycology, like Bulliard, Sowerby, Batsch, Schaeffer, etc, were for the majority of remarkable observers and excellent illustrators, but who did not seek to classify mushrooms according to hierarchical characters, reflecting affinities between the species.

Fries is only 27 years old when it publishes its first major work, Systema mycologicum , in which it has the genius to include the near total of the former publications to work out imposing a index , starting from its own observations.

One needed much experiment and intuition to be able to interpret often incomplete descriptions and boards. Fries thus put in synonymy described species several times by various mycologists, by retaining one of these names, that one says today “sanctioned”. But especially, it classified the species by tribes according to characters new or neglected by its predecessors, in particular the color of the sporée , the mode of insertion of the blades, the general silhouette, the consistency of the foot, and, while following Persoon, the presence and the nature of the veils: partial veil (ring) and veils general (warts, volva, etc).

It attached only one secondary importance to the color of the hat and other characters “évidents” (such as the growth in tufts, the aspect of the surface of the hat…), which enabled him to work out a natural system very influenced by the modern botanists who sought themselves a classification based on characters hierarchical - the “Phylogénie” before the word, and 30 years before Darwin.

Thus, with its Systema , Fries “cleaned” and cleared up mycology by making choices, at the same time taxinomic (establishing the synonymies) and systematic (the regrouping of the species in kinds and tribes), if robust and so relevant that its major work, the Systema Mycologicum , will be later selected like the starting point of the mycologic nomenclature .

Lastly, it devoted the continuation of its very long career to accumulate new personal observations and to correct, amend and supplement the “mistakes of youth” of sound Systema , while discovering new species (in particular when, after having lived in Femsjö in the middle of acid conifers, it settled in Uppsala, where it discovered the mixed forests limestones of the Baltic coast).

The Monographia (1836-1838), and especially the Hymenomycetes Europaei (1874, its last major work with its 2.770 mushroom species), precede modern mycology and directly inspired Quélet, Karsten (which reorganized and adapted classification friesienne “to their sauce”, in particular by adding elements of microscopy, completely absent from work of Fries, but by preserving some essence) then, nearer to us, Rene Maire, which one can regard as one of the founders of the French tradition.

Works of Fries

Fries, Elias (18?? a): Flora Femsionesis . ED. 2. - Uppsala universitetsbibliotek D 110 E.
Fries, Elias (18?? b): Flora Smolandica . - Landsbiblioteket I Växjö 4: O 350.
Fries, Elias (1809): Flora Wexionensis . ED. 2. - Uppsala universitetsbibliotek D 110 A.
Fries, Elias (1810a): Försök till in tidning uti naturalhistorien . Första årgången 1 quartal 1810. Femsjö den Jan. 1, 1810. - Uppsala universitetsbibliotek D 110 C.
Fries, Elias (1810b): Dagbok 1810. Hållen för eget nöje af Elias Magnus Fries . - Uppsala universitetsbibliotek D 111 A.
Fries, Elias (1810c): Flora Femsioensis . ED 6. - Uppsala universitetsbibliotek D 110 E.
Fries, Elias (1811a): Försök till in tidning uti naturalhistorien . Andra bandets 1 quartal 1811. Femsjö den March 14th, 1811. - Uppsala universitetsbibliotek D 110 C.
Fries, Elias (1811b): Dagbok hållen för eget nöje af Elias Magnus Fries . - Uppsala universitetsbibliotek D 111 A.

Novitiæ floræ Suecicæ . Lundæ (Lund), 1814-1824,
Observationes mycologicæ præcipue AD illustrandam floram Suecicam . Two volumes, Havniæ (Copenhagen), vol. I (1815), vol. II. (1818),
Flora hallandica (Lundæ, 1817-1819),
Seleromyceti Sueciæ (Lundæ, 1819),
Fries, Elias 1821a: Läsning för allmogen I Kronobergs län I ämnen, som will röra landthushållningen. 1. Om odlingen af Foderwäxter . - Lund.
Fries, Elias 1821b: Läsning för allmogen I Kronobergs län I ämnen, som will röra landthushållningen. 2. Om skadliga wäxter, samt will deras utrotande I Kronobergs län . Lundæ.
Fries, Elias 1821c: Läsning för allmogen I Kronobergs län I ämnen, som will röra landthushållningen. 3. Om Brand och Rost på wäxter, jemte fullständig underrättelse om will deras kännetecken, orsaker, skada samt medel till will deras förekommande. Lundæ.

Systema mycologicum sistens fungorum process, generated and species, huc usque cognitas, atque quas AD normam methodi naturalis determinavit, disposuit descripsit . Three volumes, Lundæ, 1821-1823; Greifswald, 1829-1832:

vol. I, pp. 1-520 (Lundæ, 1821)

vol. II, pp. 1-274 (Lundæ, 1822), pp. 275-620 (Lundæ, 1823)

vol. III, Leave ( sectio ) 1, pp. 1-260 (Greifswald, 1829); Leave 2 and index ( sectio posterior ), pp. 261-524 and coniomycetes continens '' (Greifswald, 1832).

Lichenes exsiccati Sueciæ . 12 booklets, (1824-1852).

Berättelse öfver Botaniska excursioner år 1823 . - Physiogr. Sällsk. Årsberättelse: 54-60. Lundæ, (1825).

Systema orbis vegetabilis , (leave I, 1825).

Stirpium agri Femsionensis index observationibus illustrata , Berling, Lundæ, (1825-1927).

Novitiae Florae Suecicae. Edict. deteriorated , Londini, Gothorum, (1828).

Elenchus fungorum sistens commentarium in Systema mycologicum . Two volumes, Greifswald (1828). Reprint (1994, 2006) C.E.M.M. to consult the work on line on cybertruffle.org

Lichenographia europeæ reformata. Præmittuntur lichenologiæ fundamenta (1831).

Novitarum Floræ Suecicæ . Three volumes, Lundæ & Upsaliæ (1832-1845):

Mantissa preceded : 1-56 (1832), 57-64 (1834), 65-84 (1835);

Mantissa deteriorated : -64 (1839);

Mantissa tertia : - X, 1-48 (1842), 49-96 (1843), 97-204 (1845).

Corpus florarum provincialium Sueciæ , I. Skania ( Floram Scanicam , Flora Scanica ), Upsaliæ, (1835).

Flora Scanica… , (1835-1837). Upsaliæ, Palmblad & C., - XXIV (1836), -192 (1835), 193-346 (1836), 347-394 (1837).

Herbarium normal plantarum rariorum and criticarum Suecicæ . 16 booklets, Lundæ, (1835-1865).

Epicrisis systematis mycologici, seu synopsis hymenomycetum . Upsaliæ, E typografia Academia, (1836-1838).

1840a: Strödda anmärkningar öfver några Svenska Vexter . - Club-footed. Notiser 1840:33 - 38, 108-112, 161-168.

1840b: Svenska Pilarterne . - Club-footed. Notiser 1840:177 - 188, 193-206.

1841: Rön öfver screwed vextformers sjelfständighet som arter . - Club-footed. Notiser 1841:177 - 196.

Synopsis Caricum distigmaticarum, spicis sexu distinctis, in Scandinavia lectarum . - Club-footed. Notiser 1843 : 97-109.

Underrättelser om of nyaste bearbetningar af Engelska Floran . - Club-footed. Notiser 1843 : 161-169.

Reservation emot in LED antagna åsigter öfver åtskilliga Svenska vexter . - Club-footed. Notiser 1844 : 1-26.

Botaniska utflygter In samling af strödda tillfällighetsskrifter, utgifna (three volumes, 1843-1864, 2nd edict, 1853-1864), botanical '', collection of its small reports, in Swedish.

Fries, Elias & Ångström, J., (1846-1849). Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviæ seu enumeratio systematica and critica plantarum qnum cotyledonearum, tum nemearum inter Western pond and Album, Eidoram and Nordkap, hactenus lectarum, indicata simul distributione geographica . Holmiæ & Liepsiæ:

Sectio prior, pp. -258, (1846): Accedunt expositio systematis plantarum morphologici, comparatio vegetationis adjacentium regionum, definitiones specierum in Kochii synopsi floræ germanicæ and nemearum monographiis haud obviarum L to confine to bed expositarum. Upsaliæ, Akad. tr. 45 ,

Sectio posterior, pp. 259-572. Holmiæ & Liepsiæ (1849).

J.A. Wahlbergii Fungi natalenses, adjectis quibusdam capensibus, Actis Acad. Saw. Holm. P.A. Norstedt and filii, Stockholm (1848). (1849), '' Fungi Natalenses, quos anise MDCCCXXXIX-MDCCCXL collegit J.A. Wahlberg, adjectis quibusdam Capensibus, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. '' '''1848''': 121-154.

Symbolae AD historiam Hieraciorum . Upsaliæ: XXXIV, 220 pp., (1848)

De Svenska arterna af slägtet Betula . - Öfvers. af Kongl. Vetensk. - Akad. Förhandl. 5 : 160-162 (1848).

Nya Skandinaviska växter . - Club-footed. Notiser 1849 : 57-61, 153-156.

Anmärkningar öfver Sparganium natans Flax. - Club-footed. Notiser 1849 : 12-16.

Novæ symbolæ mycologicæ, in peregrinis terris has botanicis Danicis collectæ (1851), in Nova Acta Regiæ Societatis Scientia Upsaliensis , ser. 3:1 pp. 17-136.

Cortinarii and hygrophori Sueciæ . A.C. Leffler, Upsaliæ (1851).

Hymenomycetes in Suecia nuper detecti, quorum icons in Musæo Academiæ Scientiarum servantur. Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk. - Ak. Förh. 8 (2): 42-54. (1851).

Anmärkningar öfver Cotula matricarioides Bung. jemte några nya Svenska växter. Öfvers. af Kongl. Vetensk. - Akad. Förhandl. 9 : 189-191 (1852).

Monographia Cortinariorum Sueciæ , Upsaliæ (1851).

Nya och mindre kända arter af slägtet Hieracium. Öfvers. af Kongl. Vetensk. - Akad. Förhandl. 13 : 141-149 (1856).

Bidrag till några Svenska växters synonymik. Club-footed. Notiser 1857 : 32-33, 46-50, 108-115, 161-164.

Bidrag till några Svenska växters synonymik. Club-footed. Notiser 1858 : 31-35, 126-132.

Monographia hymonomycetum Sueciæ . Two volumes (1857-1863):

vol. I, pp. 484, Upsaliæ (1857),

vol. II (Supplementum voluminis), A.C. Leffler, Upsaliæ (1863).

Hymenomycetes novi vel washout cogniti, in Suecia 1852-1860 observati. Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk. - Ak. Förh. 18 (1): 19-34. (1861).

Sveriges ätliga och giftiga svampar edible and poisonous in Sweden, (Stockholm, 1860-1866). To consult on the site of Naturhistoriska riksmuseet

Icons selectæ hymenomycetum nondum delinatorum . Two volumes: To consult on the site of Naturhistoriska riksmuseet:

vol. I, Homiæ, (1861-1875),

vol. II, Upsaliæ & Homiæ, (1877-1884),

Epicrisis generis Hieraciorum . Upsaliæ, Berglund. - VIII, -159. Extr. Upsal. Universe. Arsskr. (1862).

Hieracia europaea exsiccata . Upsaliæ, (1862-1865), supplement (1872).

Hymenomycetes Europaei sive Epicriseos systematis mycologici editio deteriorated . Upsaliæ, E. Berling, (1874), pp. (4), 755.

Edition commemorative of the bicentenary:

Fries, Elias † (1994): Flora Femsjonensis eller förteckning på of I Femsiö Pastorate wildt wäxande Vegitabilier . ED. 6. - Utgiven till Elias Fries 200-årsdag den 15 augusti 1994 av Sigurd Fries, Umeå universitet.

Let us tax dedicated to Fries in mycology

More than one hundred of let us tax were dedicated to him in mycology.

Dans the list alphabetical below, the binomial quoted between brackets (preceded by the sign “=”) is that considered today as valid. Contrary, the names of kinds given between hooks (preceded by “ex”) are historical combinations today abandonnées.

Species

Abrothallus friesii Hepp; Ascomycetes
Acarospora friesii H. Magn. (1935); Acarosporaceae
Agaricus friesii Jungh. /Lasch (1828); Agaricaceae
Agaricus friesii Lév. (1844); Agaricaceae
Arcyria friesii Berk. & Broome; Arcyriaceae
Argopsis friesiana ; Brigantiaeaceae
Aspicilia friesii (Lynge) Oksner (1972); Hymeneliaceae
Asterocyphella friesii (P. & H. Crouan) W.B. Cooke (1961); '' [[Calyptella] Which. (1886), ex Chaetocypha Kuntze (1891)]; Cyphellaceae

Bacidia friesiana (Hepp) Körb. (1860); '' [[Biatora], Biatorina Hepp (1857 Bacidiaceae
Berengeria friesiana ; Physciaceae
Boletus friesii Inzenga; Boletaceae

Caloplaca friesii H. Magn. (1950); Teloschistaceae
Cantharellus friesii Welw. & Curr. (1869); Cantharellaceae
Chondrioderma friesianum Rostaf.; Didymiaceae
Ciboria friesii Sea-green . ; Sclerotiniaceae
Collybia friesii Bres. (1928), (= Baeospora will myosura ); Marasmiaceae
Comatricha friesiana (of Bary) Rostaf. (1874); Stemonitidaceae
Conisphaeria friesii (Nitschke) Cooke, (= Melomastia mastoidea ); Xylariales
Conocybe friesii S. Lundell (1953), (= Conocybe pygmaeoaffinis ); Bolbitiaceae
Coprinopsis friesii (Which.) P. Karst. (1881); '' [[Coprinus] Which. (1872)]; Psathyrellaceae

Corticium friesii Grognot; Corticiaceae

Cortinarius friesianus Carteret & Reumaux (2001); Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius friesii NR. Lund; Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius friesii Bres. & Schulzer; Cortinariaceae

Craterium friesii Rostaf.; Physaraceae

Cyphella friesii Weinm.; Cyphellaceae

Cyphella friesii]] P. Crouan & H. Crouan (1867), (= Asterocyphella friesii ); Cyphellaceae

Cytospora friesii Sacc.; Anamorphe of Valsa

Echinoderma friesii (Lasch) Good (1993), '' [[Cystolepiota] Good (1977)]; (= Lepiota will aspera ); Agaricaceae
Enchnoa friesii Fuckel; Nitschkiaceae
Erineum friesii A. Braun; Fungi
Erysiphe friesii (Lév.) U. Braun & S. Takam. (2000) '' [[Microsphaera] Lév. (1851); Erysiphaceae

Exidia friesiana P. Karst. ; Exidiaceae

Favolaschia frieseana Henn. (1895); Marasmiaceae

Favolus friesii Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1868); Polyporaceae

Gloeocystidiellum friesii S. Lundell; Stereaceae

Gloeocystidium friesii S. Lundell (1950); Meruliaceae

Gyalecta friesii (A. Massal.) Körb. (1855); Gyalectaceae

Helotium friesii (Weinm.) Sacc. (1889), (= Hymenoscyphus friesii ); Helotiaceae

Helvella friesiana Cooke; Helvellaceae

Hexagonia friesiana Speg. (1884), (= Trametes villosa ); Polyporaceae

Hirschioporus friesii (Klotzsch) D.A. Reid (1975), (= biform Trichaptum ); Polyporaceae

Hjortstamia friesii (Lév.) Boidin & Gilles (2003); Phanerochaetaceae

Hygrophorus friesii Sacc. (1887); Hygrophoraceae

Hymenoscyphus friesii (Weinm.) Arendh. (1979); Helotiaceae

Hypocenomyce friesii (Ach.) P. James & Gotth. Schneid. (1980); '' [[Lecidea] Ach. (1816), Biatora Tuck. (1888)]; Lecideaceae
Lecidea friesii Ach. (1816), (= Hypocenomyce friesii ); Lecideaceae

Hysterites friesii Nath. (1878); Fossil mushroom

Inocybe friesii R. Heim (1931), (= Inocybe nitidiuscula ); Cortinariaceae
Isaria friesii Mount. (1836); Anamorphe of Ascomycetes

Laschia frieseana (Henn.) Sacc. (1899); Steccherinaceae
Lecanora friesii Lynge (1937); Lecanoraceae
Lepiota friesii (Lasch) Which. (1872), '' [[Agaricus] Lasch (1828)] (= Lepiota will aspera ); Agaricaceae

Lecanora friesiana ; Lecanoraceae

Lecidea friesiana ; Lecideaceae

Lycogala friesiana Hall {?}; Reticulariaceae

Marasmius friesianus Henn.; Marasmiaceae

Marasmius friesii (Bres.) Rea (1932), (= Baeospora will myosura ); Marasmiaceae

Mastomyces friesii Mount. (1848); Anamorphe of Godronia

Melanoleuca friesii (Bres.) Good (1978); Tricholomataceae

Melomastia friesii Nitschke (1871), (= Melomastia mastoidea ); Xylariales

Merulius friesii (Which.) Kuntze (1891), (= Cantharellus friesii ); Cantharellaceae

Microporellus friesii (Klotzsch) Ryvarden (1972), (= biform Trichaptum ); Polyporaceae

Mycosphaerella friesii Tomilin (1979); Mycosphaerellaceae

Obryzum friesii (Keissl.) Nik. Hoffm. & Hafellner (2000); Obryzaceae

Oligoporus friesii Falck & O. Falck (1937); Polyporaceae

Ophioceras friesii (Mount.) Sacc. (1883); Magnaporthaceae

Opisteria friesii ; Nephromataceae

Oscillatoria friesii C. Agardh (1817); Algae

Beautiful Oxystoma friesianum . (1846); Graphidaceae

Phellinus friesianus (Bres.) Bourdot & Galzin (1928), (= Phellinus punctatus ); Hymenochaetaceae

Parmelia friesii ; Parmeliaceae

Patellaria friesii Wallr. (1831); Patellariaceae

Peltigera friesiorum Gyeln.; Peltigeraceae

Perichaena friesiana Rostaf.; Trichiaceae

Petractis friesii A. Massal. (1854); Stictidaceae

Peziza friesii Sea-green . (1822), Weinm. (1836) (= Hymenoscyphus friesii ); Helotiaceae

Phacidium friesii These. ; Phacidiaceae

Phialopsis friesii ; Gyalectaceae

Pholiotina friesii (S. Lundell) Enderle (1994), (= Conocybe pygmaeoaffinis ); Bolbitiaceae

Phoma friesii Brunaud; Anamorphe of Leptosphaeria

Phyllerites friesii (A. Braun) Mesch. (1892); Fossil mushroom

Phyllerium friesii A. Braun; Fungi

Physalospora friesii Keissl. (1923); Hyponectriaceae

Pilacre friesii Weinm. (1832); Basidiomycetes

Pleurotus friesii Lév. ; Pleurotaceae

Pocillaria frieseana Kuntze (1891); Polyporaceae

Polyblastia friesii Lynge; Verrucariaceae

Polyporus friesii Klotzsch (1833), (= biform Trichaptum ); Polyporaceae

Polyporus friesii Bres. (1905), (= Inonotus dryophilus ); Hymenochaetaceae

Polystictus friesii (Klotzsch) Cooke (1886), (= biform Trichaptum ); Polyporaceae

Poria friesiana Bres. (1908), (= Phellinus punctatus ); Hymenochaetaceae

Porina friesii (P. & H. Crouan) Zahlbr. (1922); Pertusariaceae

Porostereum friesii (Lév.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1990); Phanerochaetaceae

Porotheleum friesii Mount. (1836); France (1874); Schizophyllaceae
Psathyrella friesii Kits van Wav. (1977); Psathyrellaceae
Pseudobaeospora frieslandica Low ex Bas (1998); Tricholomataceae
Psora friesii (Ach.) Hellb. (1870), (= Hypocenomyce friesii ); Lecideaceae
Pyrenula friesii Trevis. (1860); Pyrenulaceae

Rhaphidospora friesii Mount. (1849); Magnaporthaceae
Rosellinia friesii Niessl; Xylariaceae
Russula friesii Bres. (1929), (= Russula badia ); Russulaceae

Scenidium friesiana (Speg.) Kuntze (1898), (= Trametes villosa ); Polyporaceae
Secoliga friesiana (Hepp) Stizenb. (1863), (= Bacidia friesiana ); Bacidiaceae
Secoliga friesii (A. Massal.) A. Massal. (1856); Gyalectaceae
Sordaria friesii Niessl; Sordariaceae
Sphaeria friesii Duby, (= Valsa abietis ); Valsaceae
Stemonitis friesiana of Bary (1862); Stemonitidaceae
Stereum friesii (Lév.) Sacc. (1888); Stereaceae
Symplocia friesiana Kütz. (1843); Crocyniaceae

Taeniolella friesii (Hepp) Hafellner (1998); Anamorphe of Glyphium
Thelephora friesii Lév. (1854); Grognot (1863); Thelephoraceae
Thermutis friesii (C. Agardh) Flood. (1850); Lichinaceae
Trametes friesii (Klotzsch) G. Cunn. (1965), (= biform Trichaptum ); Polyporaceae
Trematosphaeria friesii Rehm (1899); Melanommataceae
Tricholoma friesii Bres.; Tricholomataceae
Tylodon friesii Banker (1902); Valsaceae
Typhula friesii P. Karst. ; Typhulaceae

Valsa friesii (Duby) Fuckel (1870), Nitschke (1870) (= Valsa abietis ); Valsaceae
Verrucaria friesiaca Erichsen (1930), (= Verrucaria halizoa ); Verrucariaceae
Verrucaria friesii P. Crouan & H. Crouan (1867); Verrucariaceae

Xylaria friesii Laessøe (1992); Xylariaceae

Varieties and forms

Agyrophora haplocarpa VAr. friesii Llano (1950); Umbilicariaceae
Lecidea impavida VAr. friesiana H. Magn. (1932); Lecideaceae
Mycoblastus affinis F. friesii (J. Nowak) J. Nowak (1974), (= Mr. alpinus F.); Mycoblastaceae
Micarea denigrata VAr. friesiana Hedl.; Micareaceae
Pleurotellus chioneus VAr. friesii Raithelh. (1974); Cortinariaceae
Polyblastia hyperborea VAr. friesii H. Magn. (1952); Verrucariaceae
Tricholoma sejunctum VAr. friesii K. Krieg. (1927); Tricholomataceae

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