Elevator

History

So since centuries of the inaccessible places as the Monastère S Greek - that one calls meteors - could exist only thanks to rudimentary elevators, it is in the mine S that their appearance in general is located. It is there in any case which one imagined to equip them with an Engine steam at the beginning of the 19th century.

In 1853, it is an American , Elisha Otis, which equipped it with a system of limiting device speed starting a system called Parachute , stopping the cabin and ensuring the safety of the people in the event of rupture of the cable, and allowing, as of 1857, to equip with it a building with New York. As of 1864, the Engineer French Leon Edoux will equip it with a hydraulic engine and will invent the word elevator . It will equip the cattle market with it with the Villette in 1867. It is in Germany however that one will think in 1880 of an electric elevator. In 1889 the Eiffel Tower is inaugurated with a remarkable elevator due to the joint efforts of Leon Edoux and brothers Otis who succeeded their father.

It is only in 1924 that an elevator without lift attendant - the machinist - will make his appearance, requiring the development of automatisms and safety devices. The orders become electric then electronic and obtain memory. The fixed grids or articulated disappear, the doors are locked automatically, etc

The Moteur of the modern elevators is controlled by a variator of frequency, which exploits the frequency of the current of food and gauge the couple necessary to the movement so that the phases of Accélération and deceleration are unperceivable for the occupant of the cabin. more modern elevators can do without " room machinerie" (engine of traction and electrical power box located out of sheath) of recent Technologies they name Gen II for Otis, Monospace or Regenerate at Kone, Galaxy at Thyssen, Smart at Schindler…

Technical sides

An elevator is composed of a cabin which is relocated in a sheath (also called hopper ) generally vertical. This cabin is supported in a structure parallelepiped called clamp , or arcade , allowing the guidance and the support of the cabin. The guidance of the cabin is carried out by various elements:

a fixed part: the 2 guides , are located along the race of the cabin, on both sides of the cabin. These guides have usually a form of T, although guides round were used.
a moving part: the slides are located at each corners of the clamp, and are resting against the guides. During the displacement of the cabin, those slip on the guides.

the hydraulic elevators are driven by an oleo-electric compressor which compresses oil in a telescopic verrin located out of sheath. This verrin can, in addition, move a pulley of reeving vertically, in order to multiply the distance covered (by ex: the verrin assembles 1m, the cabin of 2m).

the electric elevators with adherence are driven by pulleys pulled by electric motor reducers. Those are in end high, or low sheath (in this case, partly high will be placed a " room poulies"). The clamp is suspended with several cables and is counterbalanced by a counterweight. This counterweight is used to balance the load, and to increase the adherence of the cables on the pulley. It allows, in addition to decrease the power necessary to the drive of the cabin.
electric elevators with drum winch: The cable fixed at the clamp is rolled up or been held on a drum. The interest of this system is the removal of the counterweight, allowing a space saver in the sheath and an increase in the surface of the cabin, but the performances are some limited.

the elevator is controlled by an electrical power box which manages displacements of the cabin. The electric elevators, for the majority, are now associated with a variable speed transmission , which allows larger a comfort during acceleration and deceleration, and a positioning of the cabin on the floor independent of the load.

the limiting device speed allows the interlocking of the parachute in the case or the cabin would exceed an excessive speed in descent. The new elevators, are also protected from excessive speed in rise.

Traditionally, the motor reducers were used for the translation of the electric elevators: the tree of the electrical motor actuates endless screw related to a toothed wheel bathing in oil: when the tree of the engine makes a turn, the wheel advances of a tooth. This system is more and more replaced by systems known as " gearless" : the tree of the engine is in direct catch with the pulley of traction. The engine thus has a number of revolutions much lower. The advantage of this system is the improvement of the output of the whole of traction, the suppression of the oil reserve (favors for the environment and fire protection) and a greater compactness possibly allowing the removal of the room machinery.

the maximum climbing speed can reach 17 to 18 meters a second for the elevators equipping the turns highest such as tower 101 in Taipei.

Safety and legislation

Laws and standards in application

the principal standards which govern the realization of the elevators are the European standards harmonized INTO 81-1, concerning the electric elevators and INTO 81-2, concerning the hydraulic elevators.
the European directive 95/16/CE, transposed in French right by the decree number 2000-810 applies to the elevators built since the publication of this decree. It falls under the principle of freedom of movement of the goods through the EU, the elevators being henceforth subjected to marking EC.
article 79 of law 2003-590 defines new obligations concerning the elevators: it results from this three decrees of November 18th, 2004, concerning work of modernizations of the existing elevators (with objectives of safety to be reached in 2008,2013 and 2018, these expiries being brought to be shifted), the minimal clauses of the service contracts, and technical controls to be implemented.
the decree number 95-826 imposes the realization of a safety study concerning the apparatuses covered by the labor regulation, this study having to be updated every 5 years, or at the time of transformations. Moreover, work of setting in safety can be realized, following the realization of this study. This decree is recut on many points with the decree of November 18th, 2004, and would have, in the long term, repealed being, to some extent.

Denominations

the term hoist is reserved for the installations transporting of the not accompanied loads. As of the moment when there is a possibility of controlling displacements starting from the interior of the cabin (buttons of stages) this one is regarded as an elevator for people.
an elevator is known as handicapable (possible access in Wheel chair) when its dimension of opening of doors is of 800 mm minimum.

Principal manufacturers of elevators

See also: Contenu=Voir also the category [[: Category: Manufacturer of elevator]], [[Manufacturer of elevator]]

Otis (Group United Technology Corporation)
Schindler (Russet-red-Combaluzier-Schindler ex RCS)
Thyssen
Koné
Sodimas
Octé Elevators
Imem
Mitsubishi
Hitachi
Toshiba
Fujitech

Derived

Elevator in river navigation

One also names elevators of the devices intended to move Bateau X between two levels using vats filled with water. The first was built with Anderton with the the United Kingdom in 1872. Just as a plan inclined as Ronquières in Belgium this device allows the saving in many lock S. Citons the elevator of the Fontinettes (1880) in France, that of Peterborough (1904) to the Canada, that of Strépy-Thieu in Belgium, the Roue of Falkirk in Scotland and the tilted plan of Saint-Louis/Arzviller (the Moselle, France)

See too

Bucket elevator, a continuous elevator,
Escalator,
space Elevator, futuristic project.

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