The ecosystemic approach is a Méthodologie with broad spectrum, one of the expressions of the Systémique.

Introduction

The ecosystemic approach, or approaches by ecosystem, is a way of perceiving at the same time the tree and the forest, without the first masking the second. The tree is perceived as a configuration of interactions appropriate to the living conditions in the forest in trade-guild with other trees which form its ecological Niche. Like its applications, the sources of the ecosystemic approach are multiple.

No man is not an island in soi.
Each man is a piece of the continent.
The death of each man decreases me, because I am implied in humanity.
Never ask for which sounds the glas.
It sounds for toi.

Thus the poet John Donne sang (1572-1631). For the mathematician Jacob Bronowski, science is inseparable from poetry, just like for the anthropologist Gregory Bateson, two of the large contributors to the ecosystemic approach which, in psychology, perceives and designs the Man as located on a hierarchy of distinct levels, namely the levels biological (vital activities of the man), social (the family and the company) and cultural (ideas and their means of representation). Each level forms the contextual and ecological envelope beings, events, objects and systems of the following level. Thus, the ecosystemic approach is a methodology which can apply to many fields, the physical processes simplest with the more complex psychic processes, until the social processes hypercomplexes.

History

Introduction

The starting points of the ecosystemic approach are the Cybernétique and the Systémique modern, joined together within the Complexe militaro-industrialist of the the United States, which were the arsenal of the Démocratie during the Second world war.

The cybernetics of the linguists was occupied to decipher the coded transmissions of the machines “Enigma”, while the cybernetics of the engineers referred to the fire control system by coupling an enormous calculating machine with a Radar to direct the anti-aircraft guns through Servomécanisme S.

Other engineers occupied themselves to design, produce and deliver on the frontline of the military material in maximum quantity and a minimal time. It is what made it possible Pierre Couffignal (1902-1966) to describe cybernetics as “art to make the action effective” in its book of popularization (" The cybernétique" , collection " That saisje" , PUF, Paris. Many republications). The Greek etymology of the name chosen by Norbert Wiener (1894-1966) evokes “art rather to control” of the quartermaster (“TaiKon”, Chinese word borrowed by the Anglo-American one in “tycoon” to indicate a potentate, a governor) to maintain the device on an optimal trajectory.

Before the 20th century

Quite front, at the 18th century, in France, there were cybernetic machines , as the weaving loom Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) which mechanically wove the Soie of Lyon.

With these industrial proto-robots in the workshops, there was also in the living rooms of the aristocrats of the " automates" , as the duck of Jacques Vaucanson (1709-1782) who beat wings, smoothed the feathers, imitated the actions of drinking and déféquer.

According to Joseph Needham, in China of the time of the first man who rose in the airs on a kite to observe the battle field and to bring back the description of his configuration, the cybernetic Chinese was not clock making mechanics, but was based on the dynamics of the fluids taken again much later by Jay W. Forrester (1918…) in “flow”, “valve” and “reserve”, made popular in francophonie by Joel de Rosnay (in the macroscope ). It is about the regulation of the levels and flows.

In Chinese as well as in English, the term regulation , regularity , also means to regulate and to regulate and " régence" , from where “art to control” and “art to legislate” in addition to the water control in the maintenance of the optimal water level in flooded ground rice growing mentioned in the work “the Chinese thought” of Marcel Granet.

In this manner and through the écopolitique one of the Theory of the contexts of Anthony Wilden, the ecosystemic approach makes its meeting again with the Asian political economy. This political economy is made known in America and Europe at the time of the Mondialisation of the 21e century. With the écosystémique one, Jacques Attali found a use in its economic model staged in space of the prices, spaces values and the space of generalized information. The price is simply the level of physical reality, the second relates to the psychical reality of the significances and values conferred on the elements of physical reality. The third space refers to reality symbolic system beliefs of the religion and codes of conduct of morals. They are the levels of reality of the ecosystemic approach.

At the 20th century

This range of application is in the AFCET (French Association of Economic and Technical Cybernetics). It is perhaps by the automats that the French cybernetics of half of the 20th century became a Automatique control engineers . From there, cybernetics and the systemic one are inextricably interlaced, perhaps like structure and process, with the manner of culture and communication, according to Ray Birdwhistell.

After the automats of clock making mechanics, the " arrives; tortue" of the neurophysiologist Walter Grey, capable of interactions with the environment and which precedes the self-guiding missiles and the intelligent bombs. This " tortue" is really a system teleonomic. (the Téléonomie is the study of the systems finalized by a stability; research of structural stability and not of the change, in English: goal seeking systems )

Information is not any more one measurement of probability of occurrences, a physical signal , but a sign with significance and value. It follows that the physical signal is carrying psychic sign.

It is contrast between the old communication of the transmission of the physical signals of the transmitter-channel-receiver type and the " news communication" (cf Yves Winkin) of the pooling of the values and significances to the social status and the communion around the beliefs and the codes of conduct at the cultural level.

The systemic , it, consists in a reflection on coherence structural and functional cohesion of the components of a modular totality whose illustration could be a mobile of parts connected the ones to the others in an unspecified balance. Quite front, at the 19th century, the French physiologist Claude Bernard (1813-1878) affirmed that the systems do not exist in the nature, but which they are a fantastic notion of the clinicians interpreting a grouping of bodies and their functions like a coherent totality.

With the arrival of Gregory Bateson, anthropologists, sociologists, linguists and psychiatrists, the systemic one passed from the Biologie to the social sciences, passing from structuralism to the écosystémique one. The mathematician Jacob Bronowski always refused to dissociate the science of the conscience, the nature of the spirit.

System and metasystem

The systemic simple one of the engineers of any quality belonged to the cybernetics of first generation, that of the signal of the production process, of reproduction and correction. The écosystémique one complexes is about the cybernetics of second generation of the psychic sign carried by the physical signal, with the example of a disc or a magnetic tape on which are registered electromagnetic signals. The Information theory of Claude Shannon, Waren and Weaver belongs to this cybernetics of first generation and systemic simple of the engineers.

The écosystémique one complexes comes from the second scientific revolution of information, either the information of simple the signal of error, but the information of the sign with a direction, in its triple direction of orientation (as in “one way”), of relevance (as in “good sense”) and of significance. Gregory Bateson, with his/her colleagues and disciples, launched this second scientific revolution of information by introducing the logical typology ( Principia Mathematica ) of Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead.

This theory of the logical types, into metamathematic, spreads in a hierarchy of levels of the logical type members with class and class of classes, of méta in méta-méta. She postulates that a class cannot be member of her even.

Let us take this history of librarian to clear up this metamathematic hyperabstraction.

  • a librarian completed to establish the catalog of its library and wonders where it can classify his catalog which, although having the physical format of a book, is not of the same order as the books that it classifies, indexes or represents. Indeed, the catalog is the book of the books, a métalivre, a cartography of the books of the library, a representation of the books.

Of this postulate of the theory of the logical types, it follows that the class and the members cannot have the same properties and characteristics. The following expressions illustrate this postulate:

After the period of collaboration with Jacques Lacan with the University Johns Hopkins of Baltimore, MANDELEVIUM, and with its Californian period, Anthony Wilden worked with Gregory Bateson with the development of the cybernetics of second generation.

This collaboration which gave " System and Structure. Essays one Communication and Exchange" whose first edition of 1972 was followed the different one and many republications and translations of which French translation of 1983. From there, it built the Théorie of the contexts which is a metaphor of displacement and a metonymy of the condensation of this ecosystemic approach which is a methodology, a métaméthode, method of the methods, or classifies methods, a kind of limps with tools of which each tool is a singular method adapted to solve a particular enigma.

This Theory of the contexts presents three rules, of which the " regulate extinction" who allows to build a hierarchy of levels of the logical type, constraint or dependence and to check his orientation.

Initially comes the mineral system from the Lithosphère which directs and delimits the possibilities of life of the organic system of the Biosphère which, even, directs and delimits the possibilities of association of the congeneric animals and plants to him of the social system of the Sociosphère.

Then, the biological system is the environment and the social metasystem, as the mineral system is the base (" Grund" one said before), the environment and the biological metasystem.

In example, the écosystémique one of the forestry and fisheries, with the base, deals with the social system of the association of the trees and fish with its environment or organic metasystem whose its environment is the mineral system of the lithosphere which directs and delimits the possibilities of life towards planet. Thus, we can go from system in metasystem and métaméta system, in a retreat ad infinitum for better perceiving, by connecting the levels for better including/understanding and by locating the enigma to be deciphered on its level for better acting.

The systemic simple one of the engineers deals of the physical processes or financial flows whose environment considered is right the entourage of comparable nature that of the contents of flows and process. It is the flatness of the levels of constraint, dependence or complexity on the level where takes place the studied enigma.

Ecosystemic the hypercomplexe of human takes account of the cultural level of the Noosphère depend on the social status of the sociosphère and holds account in addition to the level the most complex symbolic system and most dependant. Indeed, the level symbolic system is that of the beliefs and codes of conduct which direct and delimit the significances and the possible values of the cultural level.

The écosystémique one of the human Aggressiveness and the human Vieillissement is in the interactions of the physique of the Neurologie and the Endocrinologie of the Biosphère with the psychic one of the sociosphère and the cultural one of the ideas of the Noosphère.

Any really new scientfic assumption is in fact about is delirious from the point of view of its contents, in what it is about a projection of imaginary on reality. It is only because it accepts a priori the possibility of being transformed and even abandoned under the effect of confrontations with new observations and experiments that it separates some finally. (Henri Atlan, Between the crystal and smoke , p. 147, Threshold, Paris, 1979).

Georges Clemenceau said: The war is a too important business to be entrusted to soldiers . Indeed, the soldiers are likely to have the nose stuck on the tree of the war which masks the forest of lapolitic. The General Vo Nguyen Giap said that a battle was at the same time diplomatic, military, political and psychological, as the Bataille of Diên Biên Phu which led to the Accords of Geneva and the Offensive of the Small fireclay cup to the Peace agreements of Paris. Clemenceau made the écosystémique one without the knowledge, like the middle-class man gentleman of Molière makes prose without the knowledge. Indeed, the écopolitique one of the hierarchy of the levels of constraint or dependence, in the Theory of the contexts of Anthony Wilden, brings to the political level the choice of peace and the war and the attribution of the suitable resources. The political level directs and delimits the military and diplomatic strategies possible on the level of the strategy of the choice of the battles to be engaged with resources which are allotted to them. These battles of the level of the Stratégie direct and delimit the engagements on the level Tactique. The soldiers of the lost wars are those which do not approach the level Politique goals of war and peace.

Leaving deep traces - because becoming instinctual reflexes evacuating any new and really innovative reflection with the row of is delirious - in the contemporary social ciences, these two closed models (the elastic interaction of the billiard balls of Newtonian dynamics and the closed enclosure of the thermodynamics of gases) are unaware of (as well in the French direction of " not savoir" that the Anglo-Saxon direction of " not to want savoir") necessary diversity (including the necessary levels of logical type) and are insufficient to model (to model and represent) the alive systems and the social systems. The Theory of the contexts proposes to go beyond these insufficiencies by including the old one and by the deployment of the levels of constraint, reality or logical type. (Thanh H. Vuong, Theory of the contexts and international relations: departure of the First War of Indo-China , in International studies , p. 583, vol. XXVII, No September 3rd, th and th 1986).

The écosystémique one in psychology studies and intervenes on the made mineral mud Man, following much mythologies, but also of blood, bones and of skin biological of the fabric cells associated and fabrics in bodies and apparatuses with the only biological level necessary and insufficient. With the social status is the association of the colleagues, of those which share the same law (lex, legis) and the same heritage (legacy). Law and heritage are at the cultural level about the ideas. It is the level of the homo sapiens, ludens and contradict, that of the madness, the play and wisdom directed by the beliefs and codes of conduct of the level symbolic system. The écosystémique one, then, spreads in family systemic Thérapies in the Relativité of normal and pathological the.

As orders of ideas and representations generated by the activities of the social beings, the culture can be maintained and reproduce only thanks to the three other orders (Anthony Wilden. p. 521,1983)

Communication and metacommunication

The simplest experiment of these concepts is in the handling of a calculating machine electronic where the contents are consisted the provided numerical values and the relation is formed by the order given to carry out operations with these numerical values. In this ergonomic interaction, illustrative example, between the Man and the Machine, the communication goes on the contents of figures and of letters and the metacommunication refers to the communication on or about this communication, i.e. " what to make with these figures and these lettres". These two aspects are on levels distinct from logical type. In the human communication, the message transmits the contents known as " factuel" about the indicative information of a report (carryforward) and the métamessage a kind of relation in the pooling of the " type proposes; here how I see that you see me seeing ". Beyond the informative contents, the behavior defines oneself, others and the relation which they are likely to maintain and the communication, on this level of the metacommunication, is an attempt at pooling of this definition.

The levels of the logical type or constraint are distinct in quantum jump from the type or, well one or the other, in discontinuous variation " digitale" , like the five " doigts" hand, contrasts about it with the continuous variation on the palm of the hand, the root of the fingers before they fork and are disjoined.

  • the " distinction" is " digitale" discontinuous variation in quantum jump of the type or on a level, or with the other, like the progression on the steps of a staircase. The language of the words of the word digital, is médiatisée by a linguistic code of a convention mutually accepted by speakers of this language. In this way, the words are mediatized representations, without report/ratio continues ace what is represented. " There is nothing tabuliforme in the word `table' " , Gregory Bateson said, to express this distinction

  • the " différence" is " analogique" continuous variation, like the progression on a tilted level. The language of the icons (images, sounds, flagrancies), gestures, mimicry, postures etc is analogical in a continuous progression between the representation and what is represented, like a photograph, a drawing, a painting and a sculpture.

the direction is the product of information with iconic prevalence as in the body communication and our experiment of the icons of the emotion (" states émotifs"). The significance is the product of information with digital prevalence, like the definitions of the dictionary. (The translations between these order of perception often generate paradoxes, and the bad translations can involve a pathology)… . (Anthony Wilden, p. 546,1983). It S, follows then the Paradoxes and double constraint.

  • At the biological level is the perceptive processes necessary and insufficient of the reception of the physical signals of sound and light, on the first physical level of the communication.

  • With the social status of the direction is the esthetic and ethical values second level of the communication which is the pooling of the directions and the values.
  • On the cultural level of the ideas is the beliefs and the codes of conduct of the third level of the communication which is the communion around these beliefs and rules, forming a social community, nation with the family group.

For Ray Birdwhistell, the relation between " communication" and " culture" is about that between " fonction" and " structure".

The communication could be considered, to the full extent, like the active aspect of the cultural structure… What I try to say is that the culture and the communication are terms which represent two points of view or two methods of presentation of the structured and regular human interrelationship. in " culture" , the stress is laid on the structure, in " communication" , on the process. (Ray Birdwhistell, 1970, p. 251, Kinesics and Context. Essays one Body Motion Communication , University off Pennsylvania Near, Philadelphia.).

Theory

The ecosystemic approach is with the conjunction of the theories of the general system (Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Jean-Louis Moigne, etc) by privileging the relations rather than the components where it is necessary to move back for better perceiving, to connect for better including/understanding and locating for better acting (Joel de Rosnay, the Macroscope ), of the communications theories (Gregory Bateson, Ray Birdwhistell, Paul Watzlawick with colleagues and disciples) where any behavior has value of message and the Cybernétique (Norbert Wiener, Ross W. Ashby, etc) of Regulation by the Feedback negative atténuatrice of the deviances (complementary interaction) and the amplifying positive feedback of the divergences (symmetrical interaction in climbing of the arms race or higher bid of boastfulnesses where to each " coup" a " answers; coup" of the same intensity or slightly higher).

It is especially the cybernetic explanation already implicit in the evolution of the species of Darwin and Wallace and clarified by Gregory Bateson saying that among all the possible occurrences, only a " answer appropriée" with the constraints of the environment and context is likely best to survive, to develop and to reproduce.

It is much easier to define the organization by than it makes - behavior, function and process: it what transforms, is produced, connects or maintains - that by what it is: a structure, i.e. a fitting or a configuration of relations and interactions between components. The majority of the definitions available unceasingly lead us definition of function to that of structure. It is even rarer to find descriptions of the organization in terms of adaptation, correspondence and suitability (appropriate response) to the constraints of various orders. The polymorphism of the definitions of the organization corresponds to that of the definitions of the system. In short, it would be about the organization of the knowledge without ceasing being the knowledge of the organization.

The idea of system is problems with the strong or exact direction of the term, i.e. a certain way of discovering problems which could not be perceived differently. it does not have in itself the force to find a solution with its problems (Yves Barel, the idea of system in social sciences , 1976, p. 7, day of the AFCET (French Association of Economic and Technical Cybernetics) of April 21st, 1976, AFCET, Paris).

The description of the organization in terms of correspondence, adaptation and suitability to the conditions of the context and the environment reveals l'" cybernétique" explanation; who, in the terminology of Bateson (Gregory Bateson, pp. 155-167, " Towards an ecology of the esprit" , volume 2, Threshold, Paris, 1980), are of a logical type different from that with the causal explanation: it is not a question any more of knowing " why something is produit" but of knowknowing which constraints made that " anything is not produit".

Cybernetic explanation

Already contained germinates about it in the evolution of the species of Charles Darwin, the cybernetic explanation, interview intuitively by Alfred Russel Wallace, was formalized by Gregory Bateson, contrasts about it with the causal explanation of Rene Descartes.

In cybernetic terms, one says that the course of the events is subjected to restrictions, and one supposes that, those put aside, the ways of the change would obey only the only principle of the equality of the probalities. In fact, the “restrictions” on which is based the cybernetic explanation can be considered, in all the cases, as as many factors which determine the inequality of the probabilities… Ideally - and they is well what occurs in the majority from the cases - in any sequence or together of sequences, the event which occurs is only given in terms of a cybernetic explanation. A great number of different restrictions can combine to lead to this single determination. in the case of the puzzle, for example, the choice of a part to fill a vacuum “is restricted” by many factors: its form must be adapted to that of the close parts and, in certain cases, also with that of the borders of the puzzle; its color must correspond to those of the surrounding pieces… From the point of view of that which tries to solve the puzzle, they are indices there, in other words information sources which will guide it in its choice. From the point of view of cybernetics. They are restrictions. In the same way for cybernetics, a word in a sentence, a letter inside a word, the anatomy of any element of an organization, the role of a species in an ecosystem, or the behavior of an individual in his family, all that is to be explained (negatively) by the analysis of the restrictions (Bateson, 1980, pp. 155-156).

Then, a description of a possible organization is adequate only if one includes a description of the constraints exerted by the context and the environment on his possibilities of action (behavior, function and process), of fitting (structure) and to become (evolution). It is the same conceived behavior as built organized activities, cell to the machine and at the institutions while passing through the animal and the man.

The causal explanation is, generally, known as " positive" where, for example, a ball of billiards B moves because it is run up against by a ball has under such or such angle and at such speed. The trajectory or the behavior of the ball B is entirely prédictible starting from the initial conditions. The cybernetic explanation is known as " négative" in the examination of the restrictions or constraints which make that anything cannot occur and that only a " answer appropriée" these constraints can survive, to develop and reproduce.

Starting from the cybernetic explanation spread the principles of the " équifinalité" and of " multifinalité" who are very loins precept " déterministe" or perhaps more exactly " causaliste" of Rene Descartes.

Equifinality, formulated by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (p. 132, " General System Theory. Foundations, Development, Applications." , George braziller, NR there .1968), known as that the same final state can be reached starting from various initial states, through various ways and with various means. In other words more usual of causes and effects, of the same effects can have different causes.

Multifinality, formulated by Anthony Wilden in terms of causes and effects, said that same causes can produce different effects by the " diversité" levels distinct from logical type, constraint or dependence and by the " variété" elements on each level. Diversity is the calculation of the distinct levels, while the variety of Ross W. Ashby is the enumeration of the structures and different functions on the same level.

The ecosystemic approach is rather a way of thinking, a methodology in the Paradigme of information rather than in that of matter-energy and in the epistemology constructivist. Then, it is spread in many disciplines. The ecosystemic approach moves the analysis of one phenomenon to the design of a model of this phenomenon validated in simulations to know its optimal field and its limits. It moves also the explanation to the interpretation of the enigma (Jean-Louis Moigne, theory of modeling), following Abraham Moles.

Characteristics

  1. Logical circular of egg and the hen of which only a punctuation (singular cutting of a continuous continuation in privileged section) where the hen as well as leads to egg egg with hen and a prospect where B.F Skinner can as well be " dressé" to give to eat with the white rat when it pushes on the lever that the reverse. The prospect for the white rat is as exact as that of Skinner in the conditioning operating of the continuation Stimulation-Answer-Reward of psychology behaviorale or behaviorist. Punctuation and prospect are element of the realignment which give very an other significance and very an other value to the same scene or the same event, as a bottle with empty half can be perceived like a bottle with full half.

  2. the equifinality (Bertalanffy) where in terms of cause and effects, where an effect can come from different causes, through various ways and with various means. The mathematical representation is a convergent continuation.
  3. the multifinality of Anthony Wilden where a cause can produce effects different with a large variety (Ashby) on each level of the logical type (Russell and Whitehead) in a hierarchy introduced into sciences social by Gregory Bateson in which the representation is not what is represented, of the chart to the territory (Korzybski), of the context to the text, the metasystem with the system, etc For Bateson, the Schizophrénie is the confusion of the levels, illustrated by Watzlawick with somebody who eats the menu for the meal!
  4. the principle of Heinz von Foerster " Order from Noise" " constructivisme" , variously implemented under various names. It is also a principle of car-organization and Complexité at Edgar Morin and Henri Atlan for which the condition of the Car-organization is the " redondance" initial high which is not other than the " variété" of Ross W. Ashby.

In psychology, the ecosystemic approach takes account of the Relativité of normal and pathological the, the disease and the symptom in measurement where the patient " désigné" can be the symptom of the pathological interactions in the family system homeostasic (Donald D. Jackson). The pulmonary tuberculosis, of disease caused by the bacillus of Koch can be also the symptom or demonstration of a socio-economic and political disease of the bad living and working conditions. The recurrence and the redundancy of the behaviors make it possible the observer to identify and define the codes of conduct whose totality constitutes the family context of implicit rules of interaction (Birwhistell), while the home environment is of the physical order of material arrangements. The entourage or the home environment is about the " reality physique" composed of beings, events and directly observable, quantifiable and measurable objects. The family atmosphere is about the " reality imaginaire" perceptions: feelings, significances and values conferred in these terms and systems of physical reality. The family context is about the " reality symbolique" rules of intra-family interaction.

By circular logic and the levels of logical typology, the ecosystemic approach approaches the Paradoxes and double constraint.

Practices

The ecosystemic approach is rather a way of identifying and of defining a problem and of defining it to conceive one or solutions possible. André Malraux already said that the question has more importance than the answer. As a methodology or a class of methods from the point of view of logical typology, the ecosystemic approach covers a large range of fields of application, anthropology, from where it is resulting with the founding fathers like Gregory Bateson and Ray Birdwhistell, with the zoology while passing by the forestry and psychology in the family systemic Thérapies. In Psychology and with the contribution of the anthropogues, the ecosystemic approach takes account of the " Relativity of normal and pathological the ".

From the typological one of Russell and Whitehead introduced in social sciences by Gregory Bateson, one of its disciple, Paul Watzlawick made his war-horse with the “levels of reality” where each one made of its reality “Reality”.

Levels of reality

Reality each one has an idea. In the scientific and political speeches, in the conversations of the every day, we return in last authority to the supreme referent: reality. But where is this reality thus? And especially, does there really exist? Of all the illusions, most perilous consists in thinking that there exists only one reality. In fact, which exists, they are various versions of the reality, of which some can be contradictory, and who are all the effect of the communication and not the reflection of objective and eternal truths (Paul Watzlawick, the reality of reality , Threshold, Paris, 1976).

On the first physical level is object reality necessary and insufficient beings, facts and objects locatable, observable, quantifiable and measurable directly by all.

With the second social status is the imaginary psychical reality of the significances and values conferred on the elements and systems of preceding object reality. Thus, a .fait" does not become " événement" that by its effects and réprcussions in the spirit of the people. When all there is forgotten is not more event, only one fact recorded in some file.

On the third cultural level is reality symbolic system of the beliefs and rules which direct and delimit the significances and possible values of the parts of object reality. Thus the relativivity of the good and the evil appears, normal and patholologic, beautiful and ugly, the Juste and the forgery.

With these realities, there is also the " reality bureaucratique" where is " réel" all that is registered on official documents. In the calm and serene sky of beginning of the year 70, a report/ratio of experimentation, published in the worthy review " Science" , burst as a bomb.

Students " normaux" and perfectly healthy went voluntary for this experimentation. They were presented to a psychiatric hospital with their " file médical" mentioning to them " maladie". During their stay, everyone really took them for " fous" , with symptoms appropriate and adequate to their " disease officielle" , except the " fous" , of course. This experimentation came to support the positions of Thomas Szasz.

The ecosystemic approach in social sciences particularly takes account of reality symbolic system of the beliefs of the Religion and the codes of conduct of the Morale which directs and delimits the significances and values of the imaginary psychical reality.

Complication and complexity

The principle of Heinz von Foerster " Order from Noise" " constructivisme" , variously implemented under various names. It is also a principle of car-organization and Complexité at Edgar Morin and Henri Atlan for which the condition of the Car-organization is the " Redundancy " initial high which is not other than the " variété" of Ross W. Ashby. The redundancy is the deployment of a multitude of versions different from the same diagram in the identity from different and the unit from the distinct ones. The “variety” of Ashby is the enumeration of different structures and different behaviors exhibés by a system.

The redundancy is spread in two forms:

  1. the structural redundancy indicates different structures to carry out the same function, like the double brake system of a motor vehicle or several different workshops or different factories to manufacture the same part or the same machine. The structural redundancy characterizes the " complication". The structural redundancy is illustrated with the double brake system for more safety in modern motor vehicles and with the multiple control circuits electric, hydraulic and tire of the engines of wars to bring back them to the fold with their crew after damage of the combat.
  2. the functional redundancy is that of the multiplicity of functions different carried out in a point from a structure, as a workshop of craftsman who carries out various operations on various materials. The functional redundancy characterizes the " complexité" and condition of the Car-organization at Henri Atlan. It is the " variété" in the neuropsychiatrist Ross W. Ashby passed to cybernetics.

The complication is about the redundancy structural of a configuration with (cum) much of folds (Latin: plico, are, atum: to fold). The complication, multiplication, duplication and replication are same series of the folds and crumplings. It is the multiplicity of the control circuits to carry out the same function.

Complexity is a configuration with (cum) a node (Plexus) of entrelacents of tangles. Then, complexity is about the functional redundancy, like a restaurant which presents a menu of 40 different dishes. A machinery woodworking combined of craftsman who saws, planes borer and tutti quanti is representative of this complexity, like electric drilling machine of amateur with a multiplicity of accessories for various functions.

Conclusion

It would seem that the ecosystemic approach joins the Chinese thought antique which always refused to separate nature from the humanity which is nourished of it, the body of the spirit which would not exist without him. The Chinese thought holds the relations for more important than the disjoined elements. To study a phenomenon, she prefers to observe the variables of entry (input), the variables of exit (output) to interpret the variables of activity without never explaining. Chinese medicine forever practiced dissection and prefers to study the human body under operation " in situ ". The Chinese thought designs the universe in terms of continuous flow of Chii, like the first measuring machine time was the clock with Chinese water made of a continuous regular flow cut out in sequence by a device with cups, in contrast with the Western thought which proceeds per discrete and disjoined units. The Chinese thought follows an analogical reasoning and proceeds by equivalence, does not recognize the excluded third, but handles the paradoxes of the thirds included of the " type; at the same time one and the autre". The ideogram representing the emperor, the sovereign (Wang, Wong or Vuong), is made of three horizontal segments superimposed and connected by a vertical segment which makes the conjunction of the three orders of the sky, of the ground and of alive to which belonged humanity.

The Chinese do not have any taste for the abstract symbols. They see in time and space only one whole of occasions and sites. They are interdependences, solidarity which constitute the order of the Universe. It is not thought that the man can form a reign in Nature or that the spirit is distinguished from the matter. No one does not oppose the human one and the naturalness, nor especially does not think of opposing them, like the free one with the given one. (Marcel Granet, the Chinese thought )

In contrast with urban Western civilization resulting from the first cities of the interval rivers (the Mésopotamie), Chinese civilization is country-woman where that which destroys its environment destroys itself. The alternation of the seasons, the light and the shade supports the concept of flow and contrast harmonized rather than of binary opposition of contrasts of the difference transformed into contradictions. The Théorie of the contexts of Anthony Wilden is an epistemological criticism of this way of thinking.

The ecosystemic approach is a Méthodologie to approach the Complexité by the " diversité" levels " distincts" of reality and the " variété" fittings and behaviors " différents" on a level.

References

  • Henri Atlan, Between the crystal and smoke , Threshold, Paris, 1979.

  • Gregory Bateson

    • Towards an ecology of spirit 1 , Threshold, Paris, 1977.
    • Towards an ecology of spirit 2 , Threshold, Paris, 1980.
    • nature and the thought , Threshold, Paris, 1984.
    • with Jurgen Ruesh, Communication and company , Threshold, Paris, 1988.
    • a crowned unit , Threshold, Paris, 1996.

  • Ray Birdwhistell, Kinesics and Context. Essays one Body Motion Communication , University off Pennsylvania Near, Philadelphia, 1970.

  • Thanh H. Vuong

    • Theory of the contexts and international relations: departure of the first War of Indo-China , in International studies , vol. XVII, No 3, p, 571-597, September 1986
    • Colonizations of Vietnam and Vietnamese colonialism , in International studies , vol. XVIII, No 3 pp. 546-571, September 1987.
    • Asian technical-commercial Strategies , in International studies , vol. XXII, No.3, pp. 551-575, September 1991.
    • Economic community of Pacific Asia. Economic test of anthropolgie and political geography with Jorge Virchez, Presses Inter Academics, Cape Red, Quebec, QC, 2004.

  • Paul Watzlawick, Janet. Beavin, Donald D. Jackson, a logic of the communication , Threshold, Paris, 1972.

  • Paul Watzlawick, the reality of reality , Threshold, Paris, 1976.

  • Anthony Wilden

    • System and Structure. Essays one Communication and Exchange , 1st, 2nd edition, Tavistock, London & New York, 1972 and 1980 (2nd re-examined edition. corrected and supplemented).
    • System and structure. Tests on the communication and the exchange, Boreal Express train, Montreal, 1983. Full version and final.
    • Context Theory. The new science , RSSI 5/2 (1986), pp. 97-116.
    • The Rules are No Range. The Strategy off Communication and " Man and Woman, War and Peace. The Strategist' S Companion , Routledge & Kegan Paul, New York, 1987.

  • Yves Winkin, the new communication , Threshold, Paris, 1981.

See too

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