The expressions economy of the knowledge , capitalism cognitive , economy of knowledge or economy of immaterial the , while overflowing the economic aspect Société of knowledge, indicate what would be a news Phase of the economic history in which, according to certain economists, we entered since the end of last century (Années 1990).
This change of the economy would be also that of a novel mode of regulation of the Capitalisme. Changes of the same type already took place at various periods of the Histoire: with the Rebirth (Italian republics and school of Salamanque), at the 17th century (Mercenary attitude) and at the 19th century (Industrial revolution and industrial Capitalism).
Lastly, some could speak about " news économie" or " of post-industrial economy "
An economy based on new forms of knowledge
Factors of evolution at the origin of the concept
This new economic era, makes its great strides under the combined effect:
- of the development of the Tertiary sector and the immaterial activities,
- of the technological advancements, with recently them (new) information technologies and communication - (NR) TIC - and biotechnology, which forms the Nouvelle economy,
- of the development of the economic Intelligence territorial, of the poles of competitiveness, of the exchanges in Partenariat and with Recipients,
- of the Mondialisation which reduces the physical remuneration of labor, and which increases on the contrary the profit of the " idées" , in their providing widened outlets: it is notable that to sell an idea to 10 people costs the " as much; fabricant" that to sell it to thousands, but that the released profits are them infinitely higher in the second case.
- of the taking into account in the saving in concepts of Soutenabilité and Responsibility sociétale to take into account the ecological constraints, the founded good of these concepts being discussed (weak/strong soutenability).
The immaterial Capital : a competitive Advantage?
He is considered, in this type of economy, that:
- the key Raw material which ensures a competitive Avantage the people, institutions and geographical places which hold it, is not located any more in the material (food products, Raw materials and energy sources, even if the stakes are large on these subjects…) but in the immaterial one (information, the to know to make and knowledge).
- we could speak in parallel about capital-knowledge , like the third Factor of production, in addition to the two others more traditional: Capital work, and ;
- the pure physical work on its side loses of its importance, or at least becomes sub-contracted and nonstrategic, compared to the technical skills, scientist, organisational, communication and the creative and adaptive capacity (theory of the Human capital );
- accumulation relates mainly on knowledge and the creativity, i.e. on the immaterial one. One speaks in this direction, at the microeconomic level of Intellectual capital and " value-savoir".
On the other hand, it is not clear to know if the Natural resources are taken into account in a weak or strong diagram of durability .
The Engineering of knowledge like engine of development
On the whole, that made evolve/move, on the level of the economic theory, traditional approach of the Factors of production , as one notes it with the appearance of Pôles of competence in the news economy of the development.
The traditional value work is replaced by new strategic capacities, consisted the capital-knowledge of the organization, in terms of Ingénierie of knowledge (in English " knowledge management"). The engineering (or management) of knowledge is not other than the variation on the level Microéconomique, in the territorial companies and central administrations or, of the economy of knowledge.
Evaluation of the consequences for the Recipients
Employee S/Leader
Some advance that the accumulation of knowledge would benefit as much (if not more) the workers - who by holding the knowledge weigh on the production process, that with the investors holders from the average materials. For others, this new stage of capitalism would increase the exploitation of paid by dispossessing them of their knowledge and by breaking dissociation between work and the private life.
Administration S
The advent of the economy of knowledge has impacts on the level of the administrations and necessarily touches with the Fiscalité.
In France, two reports/ratios are appeared in 2006:
- the report/ratio of the Court of Auditors on the implementation of the LOLF, which highlights the importance of the immaterial Actifs,
- the Levy-Jouyet ratio on the economy of the immaterial one.
Accounts Department and finances of the companies
Moreover, the implementation of the Norme S accountants IAS/IFRS involves a radical revision of the international economic rules, since the immaterial Capital of the companies is being entered like Intangible fixed assets, therefore likely to give place to Investissement S as well as the Immobilization S traditional known as body (factories, buildings).
Complexity because of the Interaction S and of the service S
Actually, the apprehension of cognitive capitalism is made complex by the coexistence in its center of commercial and noncommercial activities necessarily interdependent (concept of common Patrimoine). The tensions between these two aspects are permanent. Moreover, they evolve/move continuously according to economic factors, social, environmental, legal and technical,…
One now seems to oppose traditional the economy known as " linéaire" , with the economy " circulaire". At all events, the phenomenon of Mondialisation watch rather clearly that there is a Tendance basic with the evolution structural of the economy.
Economy of the knowledge in the great developed zones
America
The epicentre of the " economy of the savoir" is without question in California. One finds for example with the Université of Stanford two professors: Paul Romer, champion of the new concepts of the economic growth, and Stephen Krasner, which conceptualizes the modern analyzes of the Souveraineté. Paul Romer integrates in his analyzes the constraint consisted the limitations of the Natural resources in the world.
It is not astonishing that these new approaches emanate from California, since one finds the Silicon Valley there, prototype of the Poles of competitiveness (American cluster), therefore best the Compétence S in Informatique: development of the Processor S necessary to the Computer material (" hardware").
One also sees a strong concentration around the capital Washington: Department of Defense, Département of justice,… which uses registers to reach the numerical Ressources.
It should be noted that work of the Dublin Core pushed as of 1995 with making of a framework of description of the Computer's resources by the W3C (Resource Description Framework), which led to the installation of Registres of metadata by the great administrations of the US government.
Principal the Serveurs roots of the Domain Name System (which manages the Domain names Internet) is localized in Virginia (Dulles), with the Maryland, i.e. around Washington, and with Santa Clara (Silicon Valley). The Bibliothèque of the American Congress, which contains 128 million volumes, is three times more than the National library of France, is a spearhead of the use of the Métadonnée S (Open Files Initiative) in the access to the Ressources Web.
One thus sees implementing comprehensive strategies around new concepts of information systems, where the Gouvernance of Internet plays an important role.
Japan/China
One of the best thinkers on the subject is the Japanese professor Ikujiro Nonaka. Japan is very vigilant on the protection of knowledge, in particular with the use of Métadonnée S in the description of the Computer's resources corresponding to the Digital images, for photographic industry.
Europe
Europe enters this phase gradually. It is however braked in this transition by organisational difficulties.
The European Union defined in the An 2000 a Stratégie aiming at inserting the European economy in the “company of information”: the Strategy of Lisbon.
The European Council of Gothenburg of the June 15th and 16th 2001 added an environmental dimension to the objectives of Lisbon, and underlined the change of approach as regards development of the policies. It is a question “of examining in a coordinated way the economic consequences, social and environmental of all the policies and of holding of it account in the Decision-making process”. One did not any more speak about company of information, but rather about company of knowledge.
It is noted that the Decision-making process of the European Union integrates many elements on the access to the numerical Ressources.
The question arises of knowing if the approaches on the economy of immaterial take into account the objectives of the European Council of Gothenburg on the Sustainable development, and if the studies on the immaterial Capital integrate the Métadonnée S.
See: Metadata in the European Union
Statute of the Knowledge as regards property
Need for re-examining the protection of the property
The core of the economy of knowledge is related on the appropriation of the Connaissance S and to the continual production of Innovation. All the sectors of the Social life which contribute to the production of Connaissance S would be the new centers of the cognitive capitalism .
The traditional manner to protect the property in the industrial economy at the 19th century was the Brevet. The Droit of data processing thus gradually rested on the Brevet, which was the base of the Industrial property). Certain drifts resulted in calling into question the Brevetabilité of the software, especially in the European Union. The economy of the knowledge is thus placed today from the broader point of view for Intellectual property, which interferes with the new forms of the Droit of data processing.
New methods on the rights of Use
This supposes an extension of the traditional concepts of the Private property, and thus the possibility of applying to this Connaissance a privative Droit in order to exclude from it the free Usage with the others. One speaks then about " news enclosures ". The knowledge being by gasoline nonrare, and thus shareable, these protections against the Coopération are however difficult to implement.
New methods of production and dissemination of informations appear, without exclusive property right, being based on the Coopération: The Free software or Open source, the free Art and more generally all objects placed under license public License general GNU free known as LPG or other licenses.
In addition, the economy of the knowledge is placed, at least partly, with the intersection between the Literary property and artistic, and the Industrial property. This is why the industrial Drawings and models have a hybrid statute in France, which should lead to a harmonization of the Community legislation in this field, when the États-membres of the European Union agree on the Royalty .
informational Inheritance
The passage to an open economy controlled by information systems requires to structure the immaterial Capital from the point of view of the technical safety of the data. It then becomes necessary to evaluate the immaterial Actifs, from a countable point of view. Correlatively, it is advisable to adopt an approach of legal protection of the informational Patrimoine of the company.
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