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Hiers-Brouage is a common French, located in the department of the Charente-Maritime and the area Poitou-Charentes. Its inhabitants is called the Hiersois , Hiersoises and Brouageais , Brouageaises .

The marshes and the fortified town of Brouage were indicated Grand national site in 1989.

Place single from its natural environment and architectural, the citadel of Brouage has also a historical last rich person. It is an old commercial port of salt, then catholic wearing of war wanted by Cardinal of Richelieu to compete with the fortified town huguenote La Rochelle. It is also the commune of birth of the royal geographer Samuel de Champlain which took part in discovered and the colonization of News-France, and which is the founder of the town of Quebec.

Geography

Localization

Hiers-Brouage is located in edge of the Atlantic Ocean at approximately 35 kilometers at the south of La Rochelle and at 120 kilometers at the north of Bordeaux. This commune of the north of the Saintonge is only to 6 km of Marennes and 11 km of Rochefort. Wearing of war at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean with the the Middle Ages, the commune inside the grounds, is surrounded today by marsh. Hiers, the old borough, and Brouage, the citadel created at the 16th century, had a historical destiny bound since the beginning but the two communes amalgamated only in 1825.

Localities

In addition to the borough of Hiers and the citadel of Brouage, only two localities: Erablais and Bellevue.

Communes bordering

Relief

The commune has a general altitude near to the sea level with marshes recovering the major part of the territory. Only some higher points, vestiges of old small islands to the the Middle Ages when the sea recovered these marshes, make it possible to reach a culminating point of 26 meters altitude.

Geology

The basin of Marennes is consisted of the marshes of Brouage which occupy the hollow part of the Anticlinal of marly limestone of Jonzac. These rocks limestones were formed with the Crétacé. These rocks eroded until thequaternary one (period of the Pliocène and the Quaternaire) where the sandy deposits and muddy flandriens filled the valley little by little, with for consequence a retreat of the shore and an irreversible raising of the funds. The sedimentary assessment in the basin is always positive today: the actions of deposit override those of erosion.

In addition, a light seismic risk relates to the commune which is located not far from the fault of Oléron. September 7th 1972 the Séisme of Oléron of a Magnitude of 5.7 produced some damage in the area and could be felt until in Paris region. The last seism felt in date, always on this fault, a magnitude of 4.7, took place on April 18th 2005.

Hydrography

The marshes which extend on 2900 hectares represent more than 92% of the communal territory. In fact old salt-water marshes are mainly fed today out of fresh water.

The channel of the Charente to the Seudre (known as of Bridoire) crosses the commune to south-east. Broad and deep of 2,5 meters, this channel, started about 1700, 6,5 meters was brought into service in 1860 and makes it possible to connect Rochefort to Marennes.

The harbor of Brouage is a channel which delimits the commune in the North-East and makes it possible to connect the Atlantic Ocean to the channel of the Charente the Seudre thanks to the prolongation ensured by the channel of Brouage (undertaken in 1782 and inaugurated in 1807).

The channel of Mérignac delimits as for him the commune in south-west and also connects the channel of the Charente to the Seudre with the Atlantic Ocean.

The whole of this hydrographic network constituting the basin of Marenne oyster makes it possible to evacuate part of raw of the Arnoult and Charente |SoleilVille= 2250 |PluieVille= 755 |NeigeVille= 4 |OrageVille= 13 |BrouillardVille= 26 }}

Climate of the Charente-Maritime

The Climate of the Charente-Maritime east primarily of moderate type, but because of the influence of the Gulf Stream, from the Anticyclone of the Azores, and the moderating Effect of the sea, the department profits from a oceanic, softer Climat and more heat, called oceanic moderate climate.

This Microclimat allows the commune of Hiers-Brouage more, however located at a degree of Latitude in north that Montreal, with the Quebec, or that the islands Kouriles in Russia, to profit from a rate of exceptional Ensoleillement average, near to that of the Riviera, on the Mediterranean. The sunning is best Atlantic littoral there (2250 hours of sun per annum), and the area is the second sunniest area of France. The Hiver S are soft there (four days of Neige per annum), and the Pluviométrie, moderate (755 mm of Pluie per annum), is especially concentrated over the months of Automne and winter. At the beautiful season, the temperatures are softened by the breaks sea, due to the thermal inertia of the Océan, and which results in a sometimes constant wind which blows coming from the sea the afternoon.

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Cyclone of December 1999

The Charente-Maritime is the French department which was hard touched by the cyclone Martin of December 27th 1999. The national records of recorded winds were reached with 198 km/h on island of Oléron (to 10 km of Brouage) and 194 km/h with Royan (to 25 km). The unchained sea caused considerable damage on the roofs of the houses and in the oyster channels.

Toponymy

Broue is the name of the bluish vase which the sea discovers. Brouage indicated as former French the salt-water marshes.

History

Origins

The church of Hiers is mentioned at the 11th century. The village was at that time an island in the middle of the gulf of Saintonge, gulf which will be filled then with the wire of the centuries to be only one marsh today. The island makes party of an archipelago with other small islands like those of Guilletterie, Montboileau, Fremailloux and Érablais. From his relatively high altitude allowing to control navigation between the continent and the island of Oléron, one built as of the 11th century a castle and a priory which depended on the seigniory of Broue. The monks of the church Saint-Hilaire then exploit already salt.

Brouage was founded in 1555 per Jacques de Pons on an old deposit of ballast forming of convexities of rollers and vase. Brouage was the outer harbor of the village of Hiers, it is conceived first of all without military intentions but to be a center of trade. Ten years after its foundation, the city receives the visit of Charles IX.

The commercial port of XIVe century

The city had initially a commercial vocation, thanks to “the white gold”: salt. From the 14th century, the trade of the salt of Brouage took an international dimension. The port became most important of Europe and made live a whole people (Saunier S, Marinier S, cod fishermen, etc) by bringing back rights and taxes with the clergy and the local nobility. To 200 boats could come to wet in the port. The city was then a place of supply salt for the cod fishermen of Newfoundland.

Jacopolis on Brouage, name original of the city, became thus rich and prosperous.

The wearing of war of XVIe century

During the wars of religion, the city is taken in turn by the Catholique S and the Huguenot S. In 1576, at the time of the Sixth war of religion, the duke of Own way took the city in order to supplement the surrounding of the Protestant place of La Rochelle. This same year, Henri de Navarre, future Henri IV, remained in the citadel. In 1578, the king Henri III decides that the city, become too important, should neither fall to the hands from the Protestants nor in those from the English, and in fact a Royal Ville : it becomes a safe of the central capacity. In 1586, Rochelais made unusable the port of Brouage. The prince of Condé made run boats to block the port and this one was never completely released besides thereafter.

Brouage and New France

Born in Brouage towards 1570, Samuel de Champlain, royal geographer, left for the News-France for the first time in 1603. It carried out thereafter 21 voyages in all between France and News-France. It founded the town of Quebec in 1608 by a made up colony French families (craftsmen and soldiers) and priests. He will die in Quebec on December 25th 1635 without to have finished his preparations of the foundation of Montreal which will take place only in 1642.

Today of many elements the strong bonds show which link the town of Brouage to that of Quebec: street of Quebec and Square of the New Brunswick in Brouage, street of Brouage and statue of Champlain to Quebec. In addition, the church Saint-Pierre was restored with gifts of the town of Quebec.

Decline

The ocean was withdrawn gradually far from the city, and the vast bay was clogged little by little, because of the fall of the sea level and the absence of a draining river. The foundation and the rise of the neighbor Rochefort, chosen by Vauban in replacement, plunged Brouage in the lapse of memory as of the 18th century. The saline Marais were given up, the city started to fall in ruin. Many buildings disappeared. In fact, constructions never occupied all space available inside the ramparts.

With the Revolution, the city become detention center placed several hundreds of suspects running 1793, then refractory priests who refused to swear fidelity with the Republic, off-set coming from bridge Rochefort starting from 1794.

In 1885, the army leaves Brouage definitively.

The tourist revival

August 29th 1970, the government of the Quebec paid homage to Champlain by inaugurating a memorial in its honor in front of its native house.

Since 1980, heavy work of restoration was undertaken for the development of the site. Brouage is today European center of military architecture.

In 2001, Diane Lemieux, minister of state with the culture of Quebec, came in Brouage to inaugurate a stained glass of the church symbolizing the bonds of its country with the city saintongeaise.

At the time of the 400ème birthday of the foundation of the town of Quebec by the native Samuel de Champlain, of many festivities are envisaged in Brouage in 2008.

the house Champlain will shelter an exposure Champlain, an adventure saintongeaise in America . The interactive exposure of a cost of 2.210.500 euros is financed jointly by the embassy of the Canada in France and by the General advice of the Charente-Maritime.

A work of art of the artist Marc Lincourt will be also installation representing a wave of 2 meters out of 10 with the name of four the first hundred stocks families which left the French soil to go to Quebec.

Heraldic

Administration

Municipality

Intercommunality

Hiers-Brouage forms part, like six other communes close to Marennes, of the Communauté of communes of the Basin of Marenne oyster which corresponds to the seven communes of the Canton of Marenne oyster.

The common one also takes part in various communal regroupings:

departmental Trade union of construction and maintenance of the roadway system of the communes of the Charente-Maritime.
departmental Trade union of electrification and rural equipment.
Trade union of water of the Charente-Maritime.
Intercommunity association for the demoustication.
Mixed trade-union for the restoration and the animation of the site of Brouage.
Mixed trade-union for communal computerization in Charente-Maritime.
Union of the marshes of the Charente-Maritime.

Budget and taxation

The municipal budget the main thing 2006 added up: 285000 Euro S of investment and: 455000 euros of operation.

The Taxe of dwelling taken by the commune was in 2006 of 12,82%, the Real estate tax on the built properties was of 23,82% and the Professional tax of 19,79%.

Town planning

In 1999, 80,2% of the residents of the commune were owners of their residences (against 63,2% for the department) and 14,2% were tenants (against 31,5%).

The two villages of Hiers and Brouage are made up in very great majority of houses (99,3% compared with 80,6% for the department) which are for the majority of the main homes (76,8% compared with 71,8% for the department). The habitat is thus here typically rural with its old houses (40% go back to before 1949) and large (70,8% have four parts and more) expressed as a percentage. |barcolor=rgb (60%, 70%, 80%) |Before 1904|0.0|0.0 |1905-1924|10.5|10.6 |1925-1939|16.8|20.1 |1940-1954|22.3|19.7 |1955-1969|23.2|19.7 |1970-1984|14.5|14.6 |1985-1999|12.7|15.4 }}

The population pyramid of the commune (figure of left) presents a significant deficit of the youngest age brackets compared to the departmental average (figure of right-hand side). This pyramid representative of a rural district highlights a growing old population with prevalence of the age groups of the Baby-boom.

Economy

Each year they are 500.000 visitors of the whole world (with a notable proportion of inhabitant of Quebec) who come in Brouage. The tourist revival of the citadel allowed the establishment of new trade (coffees, hotels, restaurants, tobacco-press, bakeries…) and of a developed local arts and crafts. The common one makes party of the network city and trades of art and the mixed trade-union for the restoration and the animation of the site of Brouage set up a window of the trades of art at the center even of the citadel. In 2007, nearly about thirty craftsmen art were present at Brouage.

One in addition found on the commune two building firms, a joinery, a house painter, a plumber and an automobile garage.

A small fishing port along a channel makes it possible the commune of develop mytiliculture and ostreiculture: we are on the basin of oysters of Marenne oyster-Oléron.

Unemployment rate on the commune was of 11,8% in 1999, higher than the regional rate which was of 11%.

Inheritance and culture

Architectural heritage

The citadel of Brouage was worked out by Pierre de Conti, sior of Argencourt, was classified historic building in 1888. To hold on the marshes, the citadel rests on a floor floating of oak covered with three lines of stone slabs studded of iron and supported by piles inserted in the mud and drowned mortar of lime. The plans of the fortifications, although resembling a work of Vauban, are former one century to this one.

Ramparts

They were built between 1628-1635, and were reinforced in 1689. The outside is out of stone of size, the remainder out of hardcores bound by a mortar sand-lime. The stones of the angles of the bastions were studded by iron hooks. They represent a kind of quadrilateral of 2080 m perimeter external, reinforced of eight Bastion S, each one surmounted of three watch tower S. the interior of the ramparts consists of rectangular pieces of 30 meters out of 8 for the dwellings.

Doors

They were built at the same time as the ramparts of Argencourt.

the Royale door remains about intact. It gave access to the maritime quays and was protected outside by a small enclosure with Pont-levis.
the door of Hiers was almost entirely demolished and was protected by advanced works.

One could also leave the city by other passages: two Postern S, the Courtine of the sea, two ports underground in the sides of the bastions of the Breach and Hiers for a navigation in the boat in the ditches.

Military buildings

the market with the vivres included/understood a ground floor and a stage. One stored all there that was out of barrel: wine, the beer, salted meat…. The ground floor could contain 700 barrels while on the floor, a floor of oak could receive up to 300 tons of corn. The building also shelters an exposure of the European center of military architecture.
the hangars of the Royal door, leant with the curtains, received, according to the times, workshops of arms manufacturers, blacksmiths, stores to wood, the mountings of guns, stables….
cooperage.
forging mills, leant with the Royal bastion.
the explosives magazines, that of Saint-Luc with four propping up contained 30 tons of powder, that of the Breach, built by Vauban in 1692, contained 20 tons.

Disappeared buildings

the palate of the governor accepted hosts of mark like Richelieu, Louis XIII, Marie Mancini…
the barracks were built in 1637. They were made up of 72 rooms, sheltering 648 men. They were destroyed in 1895.
the military hospital, founded in 1611 and gradually increased.
the arsenal.
the prison.
the mill with powder.

The church

The church Saint-Pierre was opened with the worship in 1608, the year of the foundation of Quebec. One finds inside a Virgin of the 18th century.

Most astonishing are the stained glasses which recall the history which binds France to Canada. A stained glass represents the foundation of Quebec, another, offered by the New Brunswick, represents the station of the island Holy-Cross, founded in 1604 by Pierre Dugua of Mons. Another still the foundation of Brouage in 1555 evokes.

In homage to the sacrifice of many Canadian for the release of France in 1944, a helmet of found Canadian soldier with Dieppe is fixed on the wall of the church.

After being returned of Quebec in 1629, Champlain would have requested in the church so that Canada taken by the English is restored in France by making wish make build in Quebec a church dedicated to Notre-Dame de Recouvrance. This wish was carried out and a commemorative plaque recalls it in the church: Ici Champlain requested and was exaucé .

Modern buildings

the refrigerator, disappeared building then recently reconstituted with the identical one: composed of a half-sunken artificial tank. The building was protected from the climatic variations by the thickness of the Richelieu bastion (best protected from the wind and the rain) and by the choice of its opening to north. It was located not far from the hospital which was large consumer of ice for the preparation of the remedies. It also made it possible to offer to the hosts of mark of the desserts and sorbets!

the Champlain memorial as well as the gardens were financed by Quebec.

Environmental inheritance

Marsh of Brouage

The marshes of Brouage are a classified zone Natura 2000. One finds there in particular a fauna rich but often threatened: cistudes (fresh water tortoises threatened of disappearance in Europe), lucani (kite) and Otters.

These marshes are especially known by the general public to shelter more than 150 species of birds. It is a place of nesting of will hérons ashy, hérons purple and brushes.

The white storks nest there since 1978. The area arrives in second position after Alsace for the reception of the Cigogne S.

Culture

Each year in August takes place with Brouage the Sites in scene organized by the general advice of the Charente-Maritime which is a festival of arts of the street and pyrotechnics within the citadel.

The tourist office of Brouage proposes guided visits with topic of the citadel (for example: trades with Brouage at the 17th century ). Taken care told of the torches take place in season. Many temporary exhibitions are moreover proposed in the various historical buildings of the city.

Throughout the year, many demonstrations are proposed. In 2007 places had: drive out with Easter eggs, jumping of the citadels (horse show), fair with the flowers and product regional, hiking, concert of the young talents, procession Belle Time, contest of dressed up dogs, festival of the moulds and giant secondhand trade.

Equipment or services

Excluded a post office present in the commune, the majority of the public services are located in the town of Marennes, near.

Transport

By the road, Hiers and Brouage are distant only of approximately two kilometers by D2, minor road of marsh which connects them to Marennes, in south-west (to 3 km of Hiers) and to Moëze, in the North-East (with 5km of Brouage). An intersection in the center of the borough of Hiers makes it possible to join Beaugeay. The D123 road connecting Marenne oyster to Rochefort, very attended the summer, skirts the channel of the Charente to the Seudre and cuts the commune to south-east. The portion of this road was put at 2 times 2 ways in the crossing of the commune and does not allow to reach the citadel.

The marshes of Brouage are also very accessible to the bicycles. The green lane of Cabariot with Brouage makes it possible to join Rochefort by a way skirting the channels. With the Bellevue locality, the crossing of the channel is carried out thanks to a revolving bridge.

The airport of Rochefort - Saint-Agnant, 10 km of Brouage, allows in particular connections Low-cost towards London.

Education

The commune has an elementary school located at Brouage.

Local life

Community life

The common one counts some associations: club of old, communal association of approved hunting, national federation of the war veterans in Algeria, and association Aunis and Saintonge Brouage Quebec.

Environment

The Communauté of communes of the Basin of Marenne oyster set up a selective collection of domestic packing. Household waste is conveyed with the factory of incineration of Saint-Pierre-in Oléron while packing which can be recycled is transported in the sorting office of Rochefort.

Personalities related to the commune

Jacques de Pons, founder of the citadel of Brouage in 1555.
Charles IX, king de France, visited the new citadel of Brouage in 1565.
Henri de Navarre, future king de France, remained in Brouage in 1576.
Samuel de Champlain, born in Brouage towards 1570, royal geographer, founder of the town of Quebec in 1608.
Louis Houël, born with Brouage, friend of Samuel de Champlain, adviser of the king and manager, gave his name to the town of River-Ouelle to the Quebec.
Louis XIII, king de France, visits Brouage in 1628.
Richelieu, cardinal, governor of Brouage in 1627.
Pierre de Conty d' Argencour, engineer, carries out the new enclosures of Brouage between 1630 and 1640.
Mazarin, cardinal, successor of Richelieu, governor of Brouage in 1653.
Marie Mancini, exiled in Brouage between 1659 and 1661 by Mazarin to move away it from the young person Louis XIV.
Vauban, engineer and military architect, modernizes the bastions and the covered way in 1685.

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