Ecology policy

The ecology policy is a whole of currents of thought, largely diffused since the Années 1970, which insist on the taking into account of the ecological stakes in the action Politique and the social organization . Political slope of the écologisme, it uses the results of the scientific ecology.

Origin

Historically, it went from oneself - in any case in the Western world - that the man was in the center of the “Environnement” and it was “normal” to think that the man could transform his medium without always thinking that he was not the creator but one of his elements, certainly essence. It was in the standard to believe that it was possible to control the life and the forces of the Nature, that they could yield with each one of our Action S. a position which derives in particular from the Genèse Judeo-Christian (God explicitly gives the ground to the Men as a tool which it must dominate) but also of the humanism of the Renaissance (the man put at the center of the world) and with its prolongations through Descartes then the movement of the Lumières whose program consists with knowledge then the transformation of the world by the Man.

The political conscience of ecology can probably be recalled within various currents of thought of voluntary Simplicité, perceptible within dissenting Christian currents or not (the Franciscains). It is however with the Industrial revolution Western, causing the acceleration of the transformation of the world, the Urbanisation, the degradation (initially specific) of the environment, that the ideas of the ecology policy emerged in second half of the XIXe century. Its first demonstrations are found, not without ambiguity, in Christian movements antimodernists (inspired by the Romantisme or sometimes by the Contre-révolution) who bring their limitation to the proposal of the Genesis: seeing in the Natural the work of God, they denounce the race Capitaliste with the enrichment materialism which destroys this work (see for example the British poet John Ruskin (1819-1900), precusor of socialism in Great Britain and the British writer Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), in favor of an authoritative anticapitalism). The principal expression of an ecomovement founded on a political and economic vision will be however that of part of the movement Anarchiste of the end of the XIXe century, which return Miss to the Nature, Naturisme, Végétarisme, Non-violence, under the influence of Leon Tolstoï (1828-1910) in Europe and of Henri David Thoreau (1817-1862) in the United States. (See on this subject the article on the Utopian socialism).

The ecology policy will continue however on the political scene at the end of the years 1960-beginning of the years 1970, with the questioning of the consumer society, in the wake of the ecological awakening. Whereas the ecology had been given for objective to study the relationship between an organization and its medium Naturel, the ecology policy makes to some extent following the catch of Conscience of the limits of the Anthropocentrisme, but raises also questions Essentielle S in Anthropologie.

The ecology policy seeks to develop the catch of Conscience of the impressed of the human being on its medium, including in its aspects Politique S, Sociaux, and Sociétaux: the term appeared in the Années 1970, in opposition to certain movements " ecologist s" who tended not to include these aspects in their reflection. It was a question of calling in question the Interaction between the human being and its Environnement, including in the Programme S Politique S. a first study of the Club of Rome had been published in the beginning of the Années 1970, but its impact had concerned individuals more than movements Politique S as such.

Several movements and Political parties appeared in the tread in several developed countries.

One names ecology policy a ecology of the Mankind - species which has recourse to the Politique to ensure its future and that of his descent. It also constitutes a Social movement to transform the company, in a direction in conformity with an ecological vision (total, integrating the later Génération S) of the Réalité S. Plus than a Politique, one can regard it as an ethical , candidate with a greater harmony, autonomy, solidarity, Efficacité and Responsabilité.

As an industrial relations policy, it takes into account the consequences of our acts on our medium, not only ecological, but so human, social and Sociétal. With in particular the impact on our Health, that of the others, and on those of the future generations.

Philosophy

The analyzes which brought to the ecology policy come from what, little by little, the human beings take retreat on their collective constructions, even if to think that humanity in is able can seem optimistic. Some hope for the advent of a news Révolution copernician, which will make it possible to better take into account the effects on the alive one, on the cycles and the Natural resources, of our lifestyles, consumption and production, our research activities and our technologies, including for the future generations.

The ecology policy must be thus based on principles of right (Droit of the environment, public Droit), which can take their sources in the Philosophie of nature, or others Thèmes of philosophy.

The various ideas and the system of values used by the thinkers of the ecology policy are gathered under the name: écologisme.

In France, the ecology policy is numerically a minority, although some of its fundamental values (to preserve our resources for the future generations) (on paper) are undoubtedly divided by the greatest number. One can allot to him inclusion into 2005 of a Charter of the environment in the preamble to the French Constitution and the increasing generalization of the Recyclage of waste.

Lesson of the history

The history teaches us that the decline of certain civilizations seems related to the ignorance of the ecological stakes and of the need for respecting fundamental balances . It is the case of the Maya. Those dated all their buildings with an extreme precision. However, one realizes that in a very short amount of time they gave up their capital and started to build another 400 kilometers of them further. Historical elements encourage to think that this abandonment undergoes was related to the difficulties of provisioning of the old capital due to the progressive exhaustion of the grounds, and with the internal wars which followed the corresponding famines. What arrived yesterday - most probably - at civilizations Maya could occur tomorrow for planet. Nothing in any case seems to guarantee the opposite to us. Who does not learn the lessons from the history exposes himself, says one, to revive it.

Ecological measurements

The Mauritius is famous like illustration of the disappearance of Espèce S with the case of the dodo, bird endemic of the island, it knew the first laws in ecological matter.

When in 1710, it passes under the control of France, it is famous Ile de France, its governor is a Botaniste which, conscious of the effects of colonization, will take legislative measures aiming for example at obliging with the maintenance of a quarter of the properties in forests in order to fight against the erosion of the grounds, to guarantee favorable Microclimat S.

One could even speak about measurements of Sustainable development which combine protection of the Natural resources and economic productivity. To consult history of écologisme for first laws protecting the environment.

Comparisons

The ecology policy falls under the line of the human movements, such as the Labor movement, the republican Démocratie, the Socialisme , the Feminism, the regionalism, etc It was born in the Seventies, following the events of May 68 and with the oil crises. And also in increasing reaction of certain human beings (organizations) vis-a-vis the destruction of the ecosystem (their medium). The ecology policy fights against the standardization of the Culture and the productions. It fights for the recognition of the minorities and the equality of their rights. One of its originalities resides in the installation of different priorities, in a will to give the Citoyen to the center of the political debate.

Ecology policy, such as sight by Alain Lipietz, Andre Gorz or Murray Bookchin, present of the similarities with the Marxism, because it is based on a criticism and a theoretical knowledge of “the existing order of the things”. However, it integrates the relationship humanity Nature and the relationship of human between them in the Nature. And it is not restricted to see in the history a power struggle between holders of the capital and workers, it seeks to transcend this dichotomy. It is before any materialist and progressist.

Certain currents are less materialists, more turned towards the major ecology, the Spiritualité. Others towards the écovillage S, the Decrease or energy saving. It is frequent that the Greens are seen reproaching them Fondamentalisme, them Réalisme or on the contrary them Gauchisme (following the adhesion of militants come from the extreme left or the PSU, to the neighborhoods of 1992).

Certain currents are affirmed on the contrary for the economic Libéralisme, the Soviet state control having shown even more contempt for the environment than the Western capitalist companies. Besides many sites in Russia or in the old Eastern bloc make weigh extraordinary threats on planet: Underwater S nuclear decaying, with their fissile materials - even their Warhead S not protected, Nuclear waste or chemicals very toxic slackenings in great quantity on the open sea and in containers far from tight, to take only these examples. Several Nuclear plants (of the type of Tchernobyl) continues to function in the socialist countries having been republics, whereas they represent big risks for their immediate environment or whole planet.

Ecology policy and systemic approach

In all the cases, the character " politique" of these currents invite to actions Systémique S on the world: the majority of the interactions of an individual with his medium depend not on its only own actions, but on the actions of its neighbors or other citizens of planet. It is then necessary to act on the Système S which include us, and what differs between the currents from ecology policy, it is the way suggested to make evolve/move these systems.

The Protocol of Kyōto, with its option envisaging the resale of “right of emission” of Gas to greenhouse effect, is a perfect example of result (still partial, even if it required many years, before and after the Second Summit of the Earth in Rio in 1992) of the ecology policy, in its various components:

  • it is clearly systemic: planet gear, it aims at limiting the extent of the future catastrophes, related to the Climate warming, beyond the phenomena already noted, with important consequences on health
  • it integrates a mechanism " libéral" to accelerate the actions aiming at decreasing the gas emissions with Greenhouse effect.

See too

Other movements claiming ecology policy

Reviews

  • Ecology & Political

  • EcoRev'
  • Cosmopolitiques
  • The Ecologist or the Natural Ecologist
  • Combat
  • State of the planet

Tools of ecology policy

Thinkers of the ecology policy

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