Durable Tourism

The durable expression Tourisme generally describes all the forms of this activity (Tourisme) which respect, preserve and emphasize durably the patrimonial resources (natural, cultural and social) of one territory for submission to tourists accommodated of kind to minimize the negative impacts that they could generate.

A European work group has defines the concept of “durable tourism” as seeking in “ to reconcile the economic objectives of the tourist development with the maintenance of the base of resources essential to its existence. More precisely, it is about tourism which ensures an economic development registered durably in the long run, at the same time respectful of the environmental and sociocultural resources and respectful of the men, visitors, paid sector and populations of reception ”.
L' OMT defines it as follows:

the “ durable tourist Development satisfied the present needs for the touristeset of the areas of reception while protecting and by improving the prospects for the future. He is seen like driving with the management of all the resources so that the needs economic, social and esthetic can be satisfied all while maintaining the integrity cultural, the ecological processes essential, the alive biological diversity, and systems. ” (OMT). Under the condition that all the actors concerned take an active part and commit themselves respecting implementation the effective of durable tourism (GTD). ”

The durable tourism thus fits in a dynamics which articulates modes of displacements, production and consumption éco-persons in charge, while closely associating the populations which live, works or remains in the space concerned with the tourist development project and the socio-economic repercussions, equitably distributed.

This development supposes an installation and an integrated management of the resources, a control of flows (of energy, goods and people) and who thus implies the close participation of the local actors, and a ecoresponsability of the tourists, in order to reconcile the implementation of tourism with the needs and capacities for reception of the territory.

Method

A general principle rising from the definition above is that the promoters of durable tourism on a case-by-case basis seek to evaluate the local and total impacts, immediate and differed from a situation or a tourist project, downstream with the upstream of a die, with an approach of the type Sustainable development, and on at least the following bases:

initial state of the places: it included data economic, social, land and environmental (actual position ecosystems, ecological potential if it is about a site already degraded),
evaluation of the vulnerability of the natural environment and populations: In certain cases, tourism is source of a cultural shock or can induce health hazards by contact the pathogenic ones not recognized by the immune system of a a long time isolated population authochtone, or of the tourist himself.) vis-a-vis tourism and with these secondary consequences. The vulnerability of the mediums forces to study its capacity to be healed (ecological Résilience), if it is exposed to an increased frequentation (so that Ci do not reach the limits of the Surfréquentation or the Surexploitation of the mediums, in particular in the case of sporting tourism.
Of measurements of precaution, compensatory and academies is implemented and is evaluated to limit and compensate for these impacts, on the quality of life of the local populations and the environment. This principle can include a écotaxe or a “ financial éco-contribution ”, transferred to repair the environmental damage and for the quality of life of the local populations.

Particular cases

Tourism and sport: Certain forms of tourism of the type “ sport-nature ” or implying certain activities practiced in nature (Motor bike-green, Canyoning, Climbing, Canoe-kayak, Hang glider, wild camp-site, etc) can have significant impacts for example on the birds nicheurs or the reproduction of fish, the animals of the Berge S and Lisière S massively attended by the tourists, etc

Tourism Littoral poses particular problems with the Plaisance, the Plongée underwater, the Pêche (halieutic) and of the often massive and seasonal surges tourists.

The rural Tourisme poses particular problems, in zones or the Foncier is primarily private, and where the pets or the cultures can sometimes suffer from the frequentation of tourists not trained with the knowledge and the respect of these elements of the rural life.

Tourism and drives out. These two practices cause often difficulty and clash, as regards security management, in particular walk in forest or periphery of forest at the end of the summer and autumn at the time of hunting.

Winter tourism with the winter sports can also generate important environmental impacts via tourist town planning, the consumption of space, the deforestation for the creation of tracks, the diversion of water resources, for example to supply the snow-blowers, etc

Lastly, tourism implies increasingly frequent motorized displacements, and in particular in Automobile (of which 4x4) and Avion, two means of transport which are among most polluting. Tourism " classique" increase the demand in infrastructure and in particular for carparks, roads and highways whose impact in ecological term of Fragmentation does not cease growing, and whose impact in term of roadkill seems to be able to be very exacerbated by tourism. Durable tourism seeks to develop more sober transport, the use of the train and bicycle in particular. He also seeks to develop the local products and to limit the infrastructures to strong environmental impact.

Position of the European Union

At the neighborhoods of the year 2000, tourism arrives in first place among the lines of business in Europe. In spite of a strong development of tourism in tropical zone and Asia, Europe remains the first tourist destination with the mond, accommodating nearly 60% of international tourism, in particular in the first two world destinations that sotn the France and the Spain), the Italy coming in fourth position after the the United States. For these increasing flows it is necessary to add intra-European flows (88% of the international tourists in Europe) and interns to the Member States. It is as of Europe as share the greatest flow of tourists towards the rest of the world. This tourism has positive impacts in term of employment (9 million direct uses distributed in 2 million companies of which 95% are small and medium-size companies; 98% employing less than 250 people) generate important environmental impacts, which could increase because of the fact that the tourists tend to leave less longer, but further and more often. Moreover the Worldwide organization of Tourism estimates that between 2000 and 2020, tourism should grow approximately 10% and that Europe could know a doubling of the international arrivals (717 millions/an against the 393 in 2000), which encouraged Europe to think of are impacts.

Diary 21 of European tourism gives itself 4 objectives

) Prévenir and to reduce the territorial and environmental impacts tourism in the destinations;
) To control the growth of transport related to negative tourism and its effects on the environment;
) To encourage tourism favorable to a durable local development controlled by the actors of the sector;
) To promote tourism responsible, factor of social development and cultural.

. by associating all the actors concerned (administrations and their agencies, committees and observatories of tourism, camber consular of trade and industry, managements and labor, implied industries (Hotel trade/lodging, restoration, leisures, culture, transport, tour operators and travel agencies), the services of information (guides, guides), researchers (universities and other research organizations), consultants, consumers' associations, users, and of financial institution, nature conservation, bank and insurance.

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