Duke

Duke - Latin dux, ducis , “leader, chief”. In the plural Latin duces .

Origin, Roman Empire

The origin of this title goes up with the Roman Empire. One sees under the emperor Probus, in 276, the title of dux carried non-seulement by the generals, but also by the proconsuls and the praetors. It is especially starting from Dioclétien and of Constantin that this title became official.

Before becoming a Title of nobility, the quality of dux is a military title of the Roman army of the Bas-Empire. It is about the command of area frontier, one finds thus at the IV century as a Gaulle:

  • the dux provinciae Sequanici : “duke of the province séquanaise” (around Besancon);
  • the dux tract Armoricani : “duke of the Armorican territory” for the coasts of the north of Gaulle;
  • the dux Belgicae Secundae : “duke of Belgium Second”;
  • the dux Germaniae Primae : “duke of Germanic First”;
  • the dux Mogontiacensis : “duke of Mainz”;

The duces were then chiefs of the administration and the justice as well as of the military command in the provinces which were entrusted to them. They were, as well as the comes (counts), subordinated to the Magister militum (chief of the militia). One counted 13 duces in the Roman Empire of Occident, and 12 in that of the East. The invasion of the Barbarians allowed the majority duces to be made independent in their governments: cruel chiefs accepted this title of the Roman authorities, and were transmitted it after the dissolution of the Western Empire. Such were the duchies of the Bavarois and the Alamans.

The Middle Ages

At the time franque, are consisted of the great qualified commands of Duché:
  • Ducatus Cenomannicus or Cenomannensis : “Duchy of Mans”, covering space between the Seine and the Loire, 12 county S

The duke is comparable to a kind of general governor. He exerts, in the name of the sovereign, of the capacities of military and legal nature on a whole of counties.

In Germany, at the time Carolingian, is made up the duchies known as national: Thuringe, Bavaria, Burgundy

In France, as of the 6th century, Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine, transmitted the first its duchy to its descendants, and at the 10th century, under the last Carolingians, all the dukes had set up in hereditary principalities the governments which were entrusted to them. With the Middle Ages, the duchies are largest Principauté S after the kingdoms.

In Central and Eastern Europe of the same time, the duke is called Voïvode , Slavic word of origin built on the same root vod- (to lead). The voïvode is in the beginning a military chief, who assoit his authority on a voïvodat .

France

Medieval duchies

At the end of the Middle Ages and at the time modern, the duchy and the peerage will be allotted to less important feudal units, mainly of old counties.

Modern duchies

Under the Capétien S the territorial power of the dukes decreased as grows the royal capacity, and does not titrate it of duke ends up not being any more but one dignity.

The system of the duchies of the Ancien Mode is much more complex than that of the time Médiévale. The basic difference is that the new duchies are generally much less important than the medieval duchies - they do not constitute true principalities. Moreover the ducal statute is not attached in a final way to the strongholds set up in duchies. The letters patent of creation contain clauses of succession which regulate to become to it duchies. In the majority of the cases, the selected rule is that of the succession by the males: to the extinction of the male descent of the recipient of erection in duchy, the duchy returns to its " state antérieur" - seigniory, county or other.

One distinguished the dukes and pars, which sat at the Parliament; hereditary dukes, and dukes with patent, whose title was not transmissible.

Moreover the new duchies are treated on a hierarchical basis:

  1. the duchies peerage S: they give to their holder the privileges pars of France, of which right of meeting to the Parliament of Paris. The letters patent of creation of these duchy-peerages must be recorded at the Parliament. If this formality is not accomplished, the duchy is not hereditary. The dukes and pars had as possibility of resigning of their peerage in favor of one of their heirs who received another ducal title then, the outgoing par keeping to it his. Thus, number of title ducal are " dédoublés" between the father and the son.
  2. duchies not peerages: the ducal title is hereditary according to the letters patent of erection, but the holder is not even and cannot thus sit at the Parliament. Like duchy-peerages, the duchies " simples" were to be recorded at the Parliament. (Chevreuse, Broglie, Polignac…),
  3. dukes with patents of honor: it is not a question strictly speaking of ducal duchies, but of title granted by the sovereign to individuals - and not to strongholds. This title is not hereditary, it does not have there thus to record it at the Parliament. The dukes with patent of honor enjoy all the privileges of the noneven dukes. The patents of honor were mainly used at the 18th century.

An ordinance of Charles IX, returned in 1566, establishes that the hereditary duchies would be reversible with the crown in the absence of the males.

All the dukes carried the title of " cousins of the roi" , divided with the large officers of the crown. Their wives had the right to sit down in the presence of the queen - what one names the " stool of duchesse". It should be noted that since 1704, the large ones of Spain enjoy in France the privileges the dukes. A certain number of noble, large D `Spain without being dukes, thus had a row equivalent to the court with that of the dukes.

It should be noted that certain duchies changed name during their history: the duchy of Thouars is for example often called duchy of Trémoïlle. Moreover it was not rare that certain strongholds are set up in duchies under another name. Thus the duchy of Montmorency Re-was set up in 1633 under the name of Enghien, which remained attached to a lake of the area of Montmorency, lake which gave its name to the town of Enghien-the-Baths.

The title of duke, abolished with the French revolution, was restored in 1806. Several dukes were created under the Empire and the governments which followed. Under the old mode, one designated, as from the 16th century, under the title of Mister the Duke , the oldest son of the Prince de Condé. One particularly knows in the history under this name the duke Henri de Bourbon, who was minister in 1723.

XVe century

XVIe century

  • Longueville : duchy in 1505
  • Angouleme: duchy-peerage in 1515
  • Vendôme: duchy-peerage in 1515
  • Châtellerault: duchy-peerage in 1515
  • Roannais: duchy in 1519
  • Dunois: duchy in 1525
  • Chartres: duchy in 1528
  • Own way: duchy-peerage in 1528
  • Montpensier: duchy-peerage in 1529
  • Estouteville: duchy in 1537
  • Stamps: duchy in 1537
  • Beaumont-the-Viscount: duchy in 1543
  • Aumale: duchy-peerage in 1547
  • Albret: duchy in 1550
  • Montmorency: duchy-peerage in 1551
  • Chevreuse: duchy in 1555
  • Albret: duchy-peerage in 1556
  • Beaupréau: duchy in 1562
  • Thouars: duchy in 1563
  • Graville: duchy in 1563
  • Enghien: duchy in 1566
  • Castle-Thierry: duchy-peerage in 1566
  • Penthièvre: duchy-peerage in 1569
  • Évreux: duchy-peerage in 1569
  • Mercœur: duchy-peerage in 1569
  • Montargis: duchy in 1570
  • Clermont: duchy in 1571. The county of Clermont not belonging to this date with the recipient of erection, the latter was not confirmed.
  • Thunder: duchy in 1572. The letters patent of erection were not recorded and the duchy dies out in 1573.
  • Uzès: duchy-peerage in 1572 (nowadays oldest remaining)
  • Mayenne: duchy-peerage in 1573
  • Saint-Fargeau: duchy-peerage in 1574
  • Ventadour: duchy in 1578, peerage in 1594, extinct in 1717.
  • Loudun: duchy in 1579
  • Merry: duchy-peerage in 1581
  • Piney-Luxembourg: duchy-peerage in 1581
  • Épernon: duchy-peerage in 1581
  • Tweed: duchy-peerage in 1581
  • Rethel: duchy-peerage in 1581
  • Brienne: duchy in 1587
  • Hallwin: duchy-peerage in 1587
  • Montbazon: duchy-peerage in 1588
  • Ventadour: duchy-peerage in 1589
  • Croÿ: duchy in 1598
  • Biron: duchy-peerage in 1598
  • Thouars/La Trémoille: duchy-peerage in 1599

XVIIe century

  • Pivot: duchy-peerage in 1600
  • Rohan: duchy-peerage in 1603
  • Sully: duchy-peerage in 1606
  • Fronsac: duchy-peerage in 1608
  • Damville: duchy-peerage in 1610
  • Hallwin/Candale: duchy-peerage in 1611
  • Grancey: duchy in 1611
  • Chateauroux: duchy-peerage in 1616
  • Luynes: duchy-peerage in 1619
  • Lesdiguières: duchy-peerage in 1620
  • Bellegarde: duchy-peerage in 1620
  • Brissac: duchy-peerage in 1620
  • Rocheguyon: duchy in 1621
  • Hallwin: duchy-peerage in 1621
  • Candale: duchy-peerage in 1621
  • Chaulnes: duchy-peerage in 1621
  • Pont-de-Vaux: duchy in 1623
  • Frontenay: duchy in 1626
  • Villars: duchy in 1627
  • Chevreuse: duchy-peerage in 1627
  • Richelieu: duchy-peerage in 1629
  • Valetta: duchy-peerage in 1631
  • Rochefoucauld: duchy-peerage in 1631
  • Enghien: duchy-peerage in 1633
  • Retz: duchy-peerage in 1634
  • Fronsac: duchy-peerage in 1634
  • Pivot: duchy-peerage in 1634
  • Saint-Simon: duchy-peerage in 1635
  • the Force: duchy-peerage in 1637
  • Pivot: duchy-peerage in 1638
  • Valentinois: duchy-peerage in 1642
  • Coligny: duchy in 1643
  • Gramont: duchy in 1643
  • Damville: duchy in 1648
  • Noirmoutiers: duchy in 1650
  • Lavedan: duchy in 1650
  • Vitry: duchy in 1650
  • Tonnay-Charente: duchy in 1650
  • Arpajon: duchy in 1650
  • Rosnay: duchy in 1651
  • Vieuvilee: duchy in 1651
  • Villemor: duchy in 1651
  • Cardona: duchy in 1651 (duchy located in Catalonia, therefore out of the kingdom of France)
  • Béthune-Orval: duchy in 1651
  • Bournonville: duchy in 1652
  • Roquelaure: duchy in 1653
  • Fayel: duchy in 1653
  • Coulommiers: duchy in 1654
  • Montmirail; duchy in 1657
  • Montaut/Valetta: duchy in 1660
  • Randan: duchy-peerage in 1661
  • Carignan: duchy in 1662
  • Verneuil: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Estrées: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Gramont: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Meilleraie: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Rethel-Mazarin: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Villeroy: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Mortemart: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Pitch-Créquy: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Saint-Aignan: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Randan/Foix: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Rocheguyon: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Tresmes/Gesvres: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Noailles: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Coislin: duchy-peerage in 1663
  • Choiseul: duchy-peerage in 1665
  • Aumont: duchy-peerage in 1665
  • Ferté-Senneterre (Saint-Nectaire cheese): duchy-peerage in 1665
  • Montausier: duchy-peerage in 1665
  • Vallière: duchy-peerage in 1667
  • Lasted; duchy in 1668
  • Nemours: duchy-peerage in 1672
  • Lude: duchy in 1675
  • Béthune-Charost: duchy-peerage in 1690
  • Humières: duchy in 1690
  • Quintin/Lorges: duchy in 1691
  • Boufflers: duchy in 1695
  • Châtillon: duchy in 1696

XVIIIe century

Many seigniories were initially set up in duchy and the second time raised with peerage, which explains why they appear twice in this list.

XIXe century

Like the privileges, the titles nobliaires will be abolished with the Révolution, then restored First Empire with the Second Empire.

Duchies of the First Empire

Duchies of the Restoration

Duchies of the Second Empire

  • the marshal Pélissier was made duke of Malakoff , the July 22nd 1856, to have directed the catch of Sébastopol during the Crimean War whose Tour Malakoff was the key position.
  • the marshal of Mac-Mahon was made duke of Magenta , the June 5th 1859, after the Bataille of Magenta.
  • Charles de Morny, half-brother of Napoleon III was made duke of Morny in 1863
  • Fialin, Minister of Interior Department was made duke of Persigny in 1863

From now on the titles of duke are only maintained in France, they are not created more.

The United Kingdom

The title of duke is highest of the British hierarchy peerage-book. The British make however the difference between the duchy ( duchy ), corresponding to a feudal territory, and ducal dignity ( dukedom ). If there exist only two duchies today, that of Cornouailles (Cornwall) and that of Lancaster, both pennies the control of the crown, there exists ving-sept titles of duke in different the Pair ies British. The dukes are entitled to the Prédicat S of Grace and Very-Noble, their oldest son with the title “of courtesy” (the second title of their father), and their others wire with that of Lord .

Peerage of England

Peerage of Scotland

  • Duke of Hamilton created in 1644, the duke of Hamilton east also Duc of Torch in the Pairie of Great Britain
  • Duc of Buccleuch created in 1663 the duke of Buccleuch is also duke of Queensberry
  • Duc of Lennox created in 1675, the duke of Lennox is also Duc of Richmond in the Pairie of England and Duc of Gordon in the Pairie of the United Kingdom
  • Duc of Queensberry created in 1684 the duke of Queensberry is also duke of Bucleuch
  • Duke of Argyll created in 1701, the duke of Argyll is also duke of Argyll in the Pairie of the United Kingdom
  • Duc of Atholl created in 1703
  • Duc of Montrose created in 1707
  • Duc of Roxburghe created in 1707

Peerage of Ireland

Peerage of Great Britain

  • Duc of Torch created in 1711 the duke of Torch is also Duc of Hamilton in the Pairie of Scotland
  • Duc of Manchester created in 1719
  • Duc of Northumberland created in 1766

Peerage of the United Kingdom

  • Duke of Wellington created in 1814
  • Duke of Sutherland created in 1831
  • Duke of Westminster created in 1874
  • Duke of Gordon created in 1876; the duke of Gordon is also Duc of Richmond in the Pairie of England and Duc of Lennox in the Pairie of Scotland
  • Duc of Argyll created in 1892; the duke of Argyll is also duke of Argyll in the Pairie of Scotland
  • Duc of Fife created in 1900
  • Duc of Gloucester created in 1928 1
  • Duc of Kent created in 1934 1
  • Duc of Edinburgh created in 1947 1
  • Duc of York created in 1986 1

1 these dukes are also princes of the royal house

the House of Lords as high a court of justice restored, after one resorts deposited by the chief of the house of Hanover, the title of duke of Cumberland to prince Ernest-Auguste of Hanover

Belgium

The title of duke is the higher second of the Belgian hierarchy peerage-book.

The title of duke, following the example that of marquis or prince, is generally not granted by the King of the Belgians a commoner, but only the aristocrats whose family already carried such a title before the independence of Belgium (1830).

  • Duke of Arenberg created in 1612; the elder one is also duke of Aarschot

  • Duc of Beaufort-Spontin created in 1782
  • Duc of Croÿ created in 1528; created prince of Solre in 1677 and prince of the Holy roman Empire in 1742
  • Duc of Looz-Corswarem created in 1734
  • Duc of Ursel title created in the catholic Netherlands in 1716, authorized in Belgium in 1884
  • the title of Duc of the Brabant is granted, since 2001, with the oldest son or the oldest daughter of the sovereign of Belgium, or with her defect, the oldest son or the oldest daughter of the oldest son or the oldest daughter of the sovereign. Until this date, the duke of the Brabant could be only the oldest son of the King or, with his defect, the oldest son of the oldest son of the King. This modification was made necessary by the abrogation of the salic law in 1991. The title of " duke of Brabant" or of " duchess of Brabant" precede the title by " prince de Belgique" or of " princess of Belgique".

The other titles including/understanding the duke term are carried only by members of reigning families:

  • Large-duke, for example in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
  • Archduke, carried until the abolition of monarchy by the sovereigns of Austria

See too

Internal bonds

Partial source

Simple: Duke

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