Donald Knuth
The immigration indicates the entry, in a country, foreign people who come there to remain there and work there. The word immigration comes from the Latin immigrare which means “to penetrate in”. Immigration is a migration seen side of the country of destination. It corresponds, seen side of the starting country, with the emigration.
In the case of the Frontier S, the migrations can be daily.
Reasons of immigration
For the migrant, immigration can have one or more reasons:
- nelle Profession (mission of long life abroad) and studies;
- Political (Taken refuge political fleeing persecutions);
- sedentary, in particular in the event of war in the country of origin;
- economic (inhabitant of poor countries seeking a better standard of living in the rich countries, possibly temporarily);
- Nobody it (will to settle in a country by taste, for example if one recognizes oneself in his values);
- family (to join the spouse, the child already installed).
- tax (the installation in a country offering a less high level of imposition)
For the States, immigration can make it possible to face a deficit of the births or to ensure a quantity or quality of sufficient Main-d'oeuvre. However, the Illegal immigration goes beyond the wishes of the countries of arrival and their capacity of reception.
Today, flows of migrations are directed as well Developing country towards the developed Pays as of a country developed towards another. The strongest rates of immigrant population find in the countries of the Persian Gulf: 90 % with the United Arab Emirates, 86 % with the Qatar, 82 % with the Kuwait.
A migrant can not be in rule in comparison with the legislation on immigration into force in the country of destination.
Immigration policy and statistical data
General data
According to the report/ratio of the General secretary of the the United Nations on the international migrations and the development, given in 2006,
Thus for the countries of more than 10 million inhabitants:
Spain
A long time country of emigration towards Europe and the Latin America, Spain became a land of welcome in the years 1980. There was officially 3,7 million immigrants in 2005. The principal countries of origin of the immigrants are the Morocco, the Ecuador and the Romania.
Spain is a transit and destination for the clandestine immigrants coming from Africa. It must face an African massive arrival clandestine on the islands the Canaries. During the first five months of 2006, more than 7500 illegal immigrants unloaded on the coasts of this Spanish archipelago. The Prime Minister has to answer the attacks of the opposition on this question and asked for the support of the European Union. This one promised the sending of patrols Naval Aviation in order to supervise the area. In addition, the Spanish government reinforced its diplomatic collaboration with the countries of West Africa. The newspaper Razon revealed that over the first four Rumanian months of 2006,60 000 and Bulgares had arrived to Spain. He recalled that the most important immigration came from Latin America and of Central Europe.
Spain proceeded to several operations of regularization of clandestine immigrants since the years 1980. The last operation in date, launched by the government Zapatero, has leads to the regularization of 700 000 people between February and May 2005. Certain Member States of the space of Schengen, like the Germany or the Netherlands, criticized this measurement because the immigrants provided with papers allotted by Spain can then circulate freely in the other countries. These massive regularizations would cause a “in-draft in addition”.
France
See also: Immigration in France
Italy
Country of emigration until the years 1960, Italy became gradually a ground of immigration. Since the years 1990, Italy thus accommodated many refugees coming from the ex- Yugoslavia and of the Kosovo, as well as Somalia. The official number of immigrants was of 3 million at the end of 2005.
Italy also makes vis-a-vis waves of clandestine immigration, in particular by sea: Albanian on the coast of the Pouilles, Africans on the island of Lampedusa in the south of the country. The government Berlusconi (2001-2006) set up flights charters towards the countries of origin and tried to fight against the arrival of clandestine immigrants per boat. In 2005,207 boats were hailed by the Italian authorities near the littoral, on an estimated total of 22.000 clandestine immigrants. In addition, the government regularized 690.000 clandestine in 2003.
In 2002, the law Bossi - Fini set up a system of Quota S which determines each year the number of immigrants that Italy can accommodate according to the market needs of the work and its capacities of economic integration. The law also founded a file of genetic prints for the applicants of visas. In 2006,170 000 immigrants could thus enter legally to Italy.
The government of Romano Prodi, entered in function in spring 2006, announced its will to reconsider the majority of the provisions of the law Finished-Bossi and to facilitate obtaining the Italian citizenship.
Netherlands
The foreigners must pass a test of immigration on the culture and the language Dutchwomen. The language classes are obligatory and free for the new arrivals. A bill envisages to make for a long time pass this test to immigrants present on the ground of the Netherlands. The municipality of right-hand side of Rotterdam enacted in January 2006 a code of conduct the abroads which forces to them to use Dutch in the public places. Since the change of majority, the application is suspended by it.
the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom knew an important immigration coming from its old colonies after the end of the Second world war and the end of the British Empire. The nationals of the old British colonies, gathered in the the Commonwealth, kept the title of “British citizen” who allowed them to come and to work freely in the United Kingdom.
At the end of the years 1950, the first tensions appear between immigrants and Britanniques of stock in certain districts like Notting Hill with London. The economic problems encountered by the United Kingdom during the following decade push it to set up the first restriction measures of immigration. The inhabitants of the Commonwealth cannot come any more to be installed freely on the British ground. As of the end of the year 1960 new immigration starts to decrease with the profit of family gathering.
In same time, the government follows a policy to fight against discriminations which, contrary to the French policies, bases on the recognition of the ethnic categories. The ethnic membership is reproduced thus on the censuses of the population. A Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) fight against discriminations and for the integration of the people of all races. Independent of the government, this commission supports the representation of the ethnic minorities in the public life. It decrees an annual price of the media personality, given in 2005 to the footballer Thierry Henry.
This model multiculturalist is the subject currently of important debates in the United Kingdom. One reproaches him for involving the creation of ethnic communities evil integrated in the company, critical reinforced after the attacks of July 2005 in London from which several of the principal suspects were citizens of the United Kingdom. The government of Tony Blair thus plans to amend of the applicants of asylum in their granting a right of abode limited to 5 years and nonpermanent. It also wishes to support an immigration of the elites by delivering work and residence permits according to the age, of the professional qualification of the applicants, their experiment and their knowledge of English…
Russia
Moscow wishes to currently restrict the number of nationals of the countries of the CEI to six million against eleven million.
In 2007, the last law on immigration amongst other things makes it possible to limit the work of ONG, in particular when they are from militant abroad of the rights of the homme'.
South Africa
After the end of the Apartheid, South Africa started to accommodate refugees coming from other African countries (in particular of the immediately close countries), often clandestine. The government set up a strict policy with respect to illegal immigration: a million people were renewed at the border in the years 1990.
Clandestine immigration
See also: Illegal immigration
Clandestine immigration concerns the poor inhabitants of country seeking a better standard of living in the richer countries and large delta of demography, or the political immigrants not reconnus.
Clandestine immigration is thus done illegally: the clandestine ones frequently take risks important being able to put their own life in danger in order to join countries presenting of the living conditions which they hope for better. They thus do not hesitate with all to give up to try the adventure often “helped” in this company by not very scrupulous frontier runners making them pay an exorbitant price to provide them the means of crossing the natural obstacles (seas, mountain, river, etc) or human (border post) under extremely precarious security conditions.
Ways of clandestine immigration
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Towards Spain, the passages are done by the Straits of Gibraltar from the Moroccan coasts between Larache and Hoceima and the Algerian coasts, in Oran. For the Canary islands the boats leave from the coasts the Western Sahara, between Tarfaya and Dakhla, of Mauritania, in Nouadhibou, of Senegal, of Gambia and Guinea Conakry. Ceuta and Melilla, two Spanish cities in Morocco, are two other entrance point for Europe, even if their borders are closed with double nettings of the six bills of quantities of hautée.
- the roads for Italy leave Tunisia and especially Libya, between Zuwarah and Misratah, moving towards the island of Lampedusa and Sicily. Lately the migrants start to also leave since Annaba, to Algeria, towards the island of Sardinia.
- For Greece the clandestine migrants passes by Turkey and embark starting from the Turkish coasts with the turn of Izmir, towards the small islands Greek of Samos, Lesvos, Hios and Rhodos. Another passage east constitutes by the confin between Turkey and Greece. Sour the highway for Alexandroupolis and Orestias, each year of thousands of migrant enter to Europe hidden inside the truck directed to Greece. Once at Athens the migrants rejoindent Patras for imbarquer towards Italy, on the ferry moving in Ancona, Brindisi and Venezia.
- Towards the United States, the Mexican frontier runners (called " coyotes") make cross the Río Grande or the Atlantic Ocean in Conteneur S, against several thousands of dollars.
- In the United States, the voluntary citizens form armed militia which patrol along the Mexican borders.
Victims of clandestine immigration
According to the press review of Fortress Europe 8.966 immigrants died at the borders of Europe since 1988, from which 3.079 are disappeared at sea. At sea the Mediterranean lost the life 6.495 migrants. In the Channel of Sicily 2.023 people died, between Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Malta and Italy, including 1.209 missings, and 35 others lost the life along the new roads between Algeria and the island of Sardinia; 3.086 people died off the Canary islands and of the Straits of Gibraltar between Morocco and Spain, including 1.277 missings; 693 people died at sea Egée, between Turkey and Greece, including 343 missings; 553 people died at sea Adriatique, between Albania, Montenegro and Italy, including 250 missings. But the sea one does not cross it only aboard dugout. Into sailing hidden on board regularly recorded ships of cargo, at least 140 men died asphyxiated or drowned. But before arriving at the sea, the Sahara is a required passage and as much dangerous. The African adventurers cross it on trucks as on cross-country vehicles along the tracks between Sudan, Chad, Niger and Mali on a side and Libya and Algeria of the other. Here at least 1.079 people died since 1996. But according to the survivors, almost each voyage counts its victims. The number of the victims thus could be much higher. The figures include also the victims of the collective deportations practiced by the governments of Tripoli, Algiers and Reduction, from now on accustomed to give up groups of hundreds of migrants in border zones in full desert.
In Libya the migrants are maltreated. There are no official data, but during 2006 Human Rights Watch and Afvic showed Tripoli of arbitrary detentions and tortures in the centers of arrestiation, of which three are financed by Italy. In September 2000 with Zawiyah, in the North-West from the country, at least 560 abroad were killed during racist attacks
While travelling hidden in the trucks 273 people were found mortes. And 180 migrants drowned in the delimiting rivers the border, the majority in Oder-Neisse, between Poland and Allemagne, Evros enters Turkey and Greece, Sava between Croatia and Bosnia; and Morava enters Slovakie and the Czech Republic. Others 108 people died of hypothermia while trying to cross the border in the mountains, the majority in Turkey and Greece.
In Greece, along the border with Turkey, there are still minefields. While trying to enter to Greece after having crossed the Evros river, at least 88 people died there
87 migrants died under the fire of the police force from border, including 35 with the Spanish enclaves in Morocco, Ceuta and Melilla, and 28 in the province of Van, in Turkey, along the border with Iran and Iraq. But out of other people were also killed in France, Belgium and Germany. 41 people in end were found died in the landing gear of airliners, 20 people died in Calais or hidden under the trains in the Channel tunnel in direction of England, 2 drowned while trying to cross the English Channel and 12 lost the life under other trains in Italy, Greece and Switzerland
Driven back clandestine immigration
The Morocco expels the clandestine immigrants on behalf of the European Union at the border of the Algérie. Algeria, in its turn, pushes back them towards the adjoining countries. With the Mali, to 5 km of the border with Tinzawaten, 800 to 1000 candidates with the emigration (July 2007) remain without shelter under a blazing sun of 40° and undergo humiliations and deprivations. Among them, there are three categories of migrant candidates: those which want to turn over on their premises but do not have the means; those which do not want on their premises to turn over the empty handeds to avoid shame; there are also frontier runners which are mèlent there and which sell illusions while waiting for the moment to leave.
The legal grounds for appeal against the abuses the human rights are the sasine of the African Commission of the human rights, which can intervene only when one exhausted the possible recourses in the country (in Morocco for example) or the Council of the Human rights in Geneva. Under these conditions, a candidate driven back at the border has neither information, nor the means necessary to bring such proceedings, without the support of an organization.
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