Dolores Ibárruri Gómez , known under the name of Pasionaria , was a Spanish political woman born the December 9th 1895 with Gallarta (municipality of Abanto there Ciérvana, in the province Basque of Biscay) and died the November 12th 1989 with Madrid. It was general secretary of the Spanish Communist party (PCE) between 1942 and 1960, president of this party between 1960 and 1989.

Origins

She was born, eighth of eleven children, in a family of minor; the family atmosphere was marked by Catholicism and his/her father was militant a active Carliste. She went to school until the 15 years age, planning to become teacher, but she could not reach that point, because his/her parents did not have the means of paying him rather long studies. She started to work in a workshop of seam, then became cleaning lady, until her marriage in 1916 with Julian Ruiz, minor and socialist militant (adherent of PSOE). They were to have six children, of which four died before the adulthood.

The pre-republican period

The financial position of the family was not very good, the more so as Julian Ruiz was imprisoned after having taken part in the strike movement general of 1917. That did not prevent Dolores reading, in particular works of Karl Marx and from militating within the framework of the Fédération of Socialist Youths of PSOE. She also wrote in the working press; it is in 1918 qu ' it used for the first time the pseudonym of Pasionaria , for an article in the newspaper El Minero Vizcaino .

In December 1919, it followed Socialist Youths which separated from the PSOE to approach the International Communist and, in April 1920, it took part in the foundation of the Spanish Communist party, becoming the same year member of the Provincial Committee of Biscay, then with that of the Communist party of Spain in November 1921.

Popular and respected, she was elected at the Central committee of PCE in 1930.

IIe Republic and the Civil war

After the advent of the Second Republic in 1931, she moved with Madrid, where she became responsible for the newspaper of the party, Mundo Obrero . She worked with the improvement of the female condition. She entered to the Political office of the Party. She was arrested and imprisoned several times because of her political activities. Its control of Russian enabled him to become one of the principal representatives of PCE and it was sent to Moscow in 1933 like deputy near the Komintern.

When the civil war burst in 1936, it was drawn up to defend the republic with the famous slogan “'' ¡ No pasarán! ''” (" They will not pass pas"). Its speeches rejoined most of the population to him, in particular the women, with the name the antifascist cause. It took part at several committees with figures such as Palmiro Togliatti to defend the republican cause. She was elected vice-president of the the Cortes in 1937. After three years of bloody confrontations, the republican government accepted the unconditional rendering of the popular army and the hostilities ceased on April 1st, 1939 with the entry in Madrid of the pro-Franco forces.

The exile

Ibárruri left in exile to Soviet Union, where it continued its political activities. His/her only son, Rubén, entered the Red Army and perish on August 25th, 1942 during the Bataille of Stalingrad. The distinction of Héros of the Soviet Union will be decreed to him in 1956 on a purely posthumous basis.

In May 1944 it became general secretary of PCE and remained it until 1960; it became president until her death then about it. In the Sixties, it accepted Soviet nationality. Its political work was recognized during these years, where it accepted an honorary doctorate of the University of Moscow. It also accepted the Prix Lénine for peace in 1964, and the Ordre of Lénine in 1965. Its autobiography, ¡ No pasarán! , was published in 1966.

The return in democracy

After the death of Francisco Franco in 1975, it turned over to Spain. She was elected appointed in the Cortes in June 1977, at the time of the first elections after the restoration of the democracy.

She died of pneumonia in Madrid, at the 93 years age.

Pasionaria , a symbol

Certain passages of its speeches, such as: “Better is worth to die upright than of living with knees” or its “ ¡ No pasarán! ”, is known in the whole world. Its role of popular symbol in made a character of poems and songs for Pablo Neruda, Rafael Alberti, Anna Belén and some others.

External bonds

• Speech of Pasionaria: No Pasaran
• Speech of Pasionaria: Message of good-bye to the volunteers of the International Brigades

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