Doctrinary

Doctrinaires is a name which one gave under the Restauration (1814-1830) to the small group of French royalists who hoped to reconcile monarchy with the Révolution, and the authority with freedom. Directed by Royer-Collard, these liberal royalists wished a constitutional monarchy, with a vote censitaire and extremely limited - Louis XVIII, after being gone up on the throne, had been satisfied to grant a Charte to the French with a Chambre of the pars and a House of Commons elected according to a very limited electoral law (about 100.000 French had the right to vote then).

The doctrinary ones had started by obtaining in 1816 the favor of Louis XVIII, whom the violence of the Ultras had frightened during the untraceable Chambre of 1815. The Extremists, however, returned well quickly to the capacity, directed by the count de Villèle. The doctrinary ones were found then in the opposition, although they had remained very close to the government, particularly of Decazes which took up certain governmental duties. More think tank that political party, the doctrinary ones opposed on their left to the republicans and to the “utopian Socialists” (as will call later them Karl Marx) and on their line to the Extremists.

The doctrinary ones ended up disappearing following the policy reactionary from Charles X, which had succeeded his/her brother Louis XVIII, and had taken as Prime Minister ultra, the prince of Polignac. This nomination was one of the causes of the revolution of July (1830), after which the doctrinary ones were melted in the Orléanistes, whose no question of principle had never separated them. According to the famous classification of Rene Rémond about the various families of the right-hand side in France, Orléanistes became the second tradition on the right to emerge beside the Légitimistes, term employed to designate the defenders of the dynasty of the Bourbons after the revolution of July.

Doctrinary, a quickly re-used pejorative word

The name, as it was often the case when it was a question of indicating political parties, had been employed at the beginning by derision under the feather of an adversary. In 1816 the Pope Joan taken refuge , French newspaper, published in Brussels by exiled Bonapartists and liberals, started to speak about Royer-Collard like the doctrinary one by calling it Pierre Royer-Collard of the Christian doctrines, a name which pointed out its studies at the Pères of the Doctrines, a French religious order founded in 1592 by César de Bus and familiarly known under the name of doctrinary.

The choice of a nickname for Royer-Collard makes honor with the journalistic perspicacity of the collaborators of the Pope Joan taken refuge , because it was completely a man whose passion was to preach doctrines and an orthodoxy. Name quickly became popular and was extended to the colleagues of Royer-Collard, come sometimes from different horizons. The Duke of Richelieu as of Greenhouse had been royalist emigrants under the Revolution and the Empire.

“To nationalize monarchy and royaliser France”

Royer-Collard itself, Lam, and Maine de Biran had sat in the revolutionary Assemblies. Pasquier, the count de Beugnot, the baron de Barante, Georges Vat, Mounier and Decazes had been imperial civils servant. However, they were narrowly linked by their political principles, and also by a certain similarity of their methods. A part of them, in particular Guizot and of Maine de Biran, were theorists and commentators of the principles of government. The baron de Barante was an eminent well-read man. All were known for the doctrinal agreement their principles and dialectical rigidity their arguments. Their object, as the future duke Decazes defined it, was “to nationalize monarchy and royaliser France”. Wasn't the king, who had been “king de France” during the Old Mode, to become “king of the French” under the Monarchie of July? This change illustrated well the passage of the divine right of the kings to national sovereignty: this sovereignty is not resulting any more from God, but from the people.

The means by which they hoped to achieve their goal were a honest application of the charter granted by Louis XVIII, and the regular co-operation between the king and themselves in order to fight the Ultraroyalists, i.e. the counter-revolutionaries who aimed at the complete dismantling of the political and social work of the Revolution. The doctrinary ones were ready to grant to the king a great freedom in the choice of its ministers and the direction of the national policy. They refused the principle of the responsibility before the Parliament, not admitting that ministers dussent to resign to obey a hostile vote of the room.

Their ideal was in fact to make cohabit a king who would honestly have accepted the assets of the Revolution, and which would reign in a liberal spirit, and an elected room which would assist it its councils. It was to be indicated by a very limited electoral college, where the educated owners and people would form if not totality but at least a very great majority. They were not to find a king of this species until monarchy of July and with the reign of Louis-Philippe. It is Guizot which best expressed the Idéologie of doctrinary in its treaty Of the government representative and the actual position of France . In the press, the principal bodies of the party were Independent the , become Constitutional the in 1817, and the Newspaper of DEBATEs . The doctrinary ones were mainly constant by former civils servant of the Empire, who believed in the need for a monarchical government but still remembered hard stings of Napoleon, as well as traders, industrialists and members of the liberal professions, in particular of the lawyers, who did not have less hatred towards the Old Mode.

One counted among them:

Although not very many, the Doctrinary ones exerted by the ascending one of their talent a great influence under two monarchies of 1814 and of 1830.

See too

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