Dioclée

The Dioclée (Serb: Дукља , Duklja ; Latin: Doclea or Diocleia ) was a medieval State Slavic Serb with hereditary grounds including the territories of the river Zeta , the Lac of Skadar and the Bouches of Kotor. It was frontier with Travonie with Kotor. Dioclée was, initially, genitals of the Great Principality (Zhupanate) of Rascie, which was a Vassal of the Byzantine Empire and later directly put under Byzantine suzerainty until it gains its independence in the middle of the 11th century, controlled by the House of Voislav ( Vojislavljević ).

Dioclée was named according to Dioclea ( Docleata , old the tribe illyrienne). Dioclea , located close to current the Podgorica, was the capital of Dioclée. Then, Skadar became the capital of the state until the end of the Moyen-âge. The royal capital of Dioclée was Ston, city in current Croatia.

The bond between the names Duklja and Zeta is not very clear, since the two terms overlap. Dioclée was referred most of the time like the area Littoral E between the Bouches of Kotor and the Lac of Skadar, while Zeta refers to the grounds around the Zeta river. Zeta is thus the most precise predecessor of the Montenegro of the 19th century, whereas current Montenegro covers the two territories. According to another interpretation, Dioclée was made up of Zeta and the Travonie. In any case, the name Dioclée is not used any more at the end of the Moyen-âge.

History

Beginnings

De Administrando Imperio of the 10th century mentions Dioclée in the history of the province of Dalmatie:

“Currently, the aforementioned Croatia and the remainder of the slavonic areas are located as follows: Dioclea is close for him with the forts to Dyrrachium, i.e., with Elissus, Helcynium and Antibari, and as leads far as Decatera and the slope from the close mountainous region to Serbia. ”

It was one of the four Slavic southernmost principalities dalmatiennes ( Sclavinias ). Though the Slavic ones populated the areas of Dioclée as from the 6th century, the largest wave of migrating Slaves came in first half of the 7th century by the Serb White (Slavic tribe having lived around Elba) and the White Croats (Slavic tribe having lived in Bielorussia) under the unknown Archonte (directing the Serb ones and Croatian White). The country was obliged by the Byzantine Empereur Héraclius to accept its supreme capacity. During the Slavic intrusions, it quoted of Dioclea was mainly plundered and ransacked. Héraclius succeeds in baptizing some much thanks to the missionaries of Rome, whose role was to baptize the Serb ones.

According to the Legend, the Slavic ones came from Balkans Western under the command of a sovereign family. The legend continues by saying how the Slavic Kingdom was divided into two halves.

In 732, the Byzantine Empereur withdrew the area of Dioclée of the suzerainty of the bishop of Rome and offered it to the Patriarche of Constantinople, thus choking the Latin culture previously dominant for the return of the hellenism. The Latin language and the culture remained only in the old romanized coastal cities. The Principauté of Dioclée was subjected to the Grand-Duché Rascie since the beginning of the 9th century at least, under the Large-Duke Vlastimir of all the Rascie S, but continued to keep its semi-independence. The pagan Slavic ones of Dioclée were entirely baptized together with all the Serb ones under the large-dukes Stefan and Petar in the same century.

The Prince Časlav Klonimirović of the House of Vlastimirović, last descending from the unknown Archonte, created the Kingdom of Serbia and was arranged to extract control of more than 70% of the territory diocléen.

The Byzantine enclaves of Kotor, Bar and Ulcinj were to pay taxes and were sometimes even controlled by sovereigns diocléens.

The death of prince Časlav brought an opportunity for Dioclée more independent. In the middle of the 10th century, the princes travoniens made long wars against the Ban diocléen. It is possible that Dioclée was conquered and that Travonie and Dioclée were plain under only one sovereign family. The folk storytellers call their sovereigns “Kings”, as in fact, they were not nothing more than “Princes”. “King” Predimir is the first known sovereign - and it directed its “Kingdom” starting from Onogošt. There remains a history of its life: after the fall of the Bulgarian Empire, the Rascie was invaded by the Byzantines of the Emperor Jean Ier Tzimiskès and its generals, and it was conquered. Zhupan (the chief) of Rascie flees together with its sons Plenus and Radigrad, like with his/her Prechvala daughter to take refuge in Onogost with Predimir. According to the account, Predimir fell strongly in love with the marvellous princess rascian Prechvala, and convainquit the council to arrange a political offer for the House sovereign rascian. Predimir was to marry Prechvala - while Zhupan de Rascie and its sons would become vassal under the protection of “King” Predimir. The Duke of Rascie and his sons granted and lent oath of honesty Predimir and his subjects. The new parents of the “King” were made offer the territory of Tribessa as a wedding gift and established Radigrad like Zhupan d' Onogošt, while the new marriage was celebrated with the royal manner. Predimir and its father-in-law caused a rebellion in Rascie - ordering to the inhabitants to kill their Byzantine suzerains. After the Greek in Rascie were killed, Predimir came with its family, annexed Rascie, and restored his/her son-in-law as a Large-duke of Rascie, whereas his/her cousins accepted many princely titles.

The wire of Predimir and Prechvala divided their grounds after his death:

with the oldest son, Chlavimir: Zeta and zhupanats of Lusca, Podlugiae, Gorsca, Cupelnich, Obliquus, Prapratna, Cermenica and Budva with Cuceva and Gripuli;
with the second wire, Boleslav: zhupanats of Libomir, Vetanica, Rudina, Crusceviza, Vrmo, Rissena (Risan), Draceviza (Herceg Novi), Canali, Gernoviza;
in Dragoslav: Zahumlje and zhupanats of Stantania, Papava (Popovo), Yabsko, Luca, Vellica (Velika), Gorimita, Vecenike, Dubrava and Debre;
with young person, Svevlad: Submontana (Podgorica) and zhupanats of Onogost, Moratia (Morača), Piva, Gerico (Gačko), Netusini (Nevesinje), Guisemo, Comerniza, COM, Debreca (Debar), Neretva and Rama.

The system of the Tétrarchie was adopted.

The account continues to speak about the brother of Predimir, of King Krešimir of Croatia getting rid of his/her son cancels Leghec and sending it in Travonie, where his/her Boleslav cousin controlled on a regional level. The history tells how Leghec Maria a local maidservant, Lovizza, with which it had seven wire. The four wire of Predimir controlled the people without pity, then Leghec and its sons raised a rebellion and carried out the people in a civil war, until each son and grandson of Predimir are killed - young person with oldest - except the son of Boleslav, Sylvestre, who managed to flee with Raguse. According to the account, Leghec controlled together with its seven sons with Traiectus in the Bouches of Kotor, where it builds itself a fortress and a court. The history is prolonged by telling how God was annoyed on the sovereign family of Leghec because of his treason; it paralyzed Leghec even more, physically and mentally - whereas its sons, it infected them plague. Quickly, all the branch of Leghec was extinct.

The people made turn over Sylvestre de Raguse and established it, restoring the dynasty of Predimir. Sylvestre controlled with a hand whole Tétrarchie with respect and justice. It had son, Tugemir, which succeeded to him like sovereign of Dioclée, who was later succeeded by his own son, Chvalimir. Chvalimir divided the kingdom among its three sons: elder Petrislav controlled Zeta, Dragomir controlled the Travonie and Zachlumie, whereas young person, Miroslav, controlled on Transmontana (Podgoria). Miroslav died in the Lac of Skadar in a storm with all its crew, whereas it moved in order to return visit to his brothers at the edge of a boat. Petrislav inherited its field - thus reunifying Dioclée. After Petrislav died, it was buried in the Church of Prečista Krajina in the border region. It was succeeded by his son, Jovan Vladimir.

Midsummer's Day Vladimir fought the tribes Arbanass which threatened the Eastern territories. Skadar was subsequently regarded as the political center of Dioclée. The Tsar Samuel Ier of Bulgaria invades Dioclée and takes the Prince as prisoner. Result of the marriage between Jovan Vladimir and the Bulgarian princess Kossara, Jovan Vladimir was authorized to turn over in Dioclée and to control there as a Bulgarian Vassal. After the plot successful of the last Tsar of the Bulgarian Empire , the life of Jovan Vladimir was removed the May 22nd 1016. Midsummer's Day Vladimir largely extended his claims while becoming also the sovereign of the Travonie and the Serbia.

Dioclée became a share of the “topic of Serbia” ( thema Servia ) Byzantine under the “strategist of Serbia” Constantin Diogène, while these sovereigns remained only titular.

Late, Voislav, Golden age

The anarchistic time which followed the paddle of the 11th century was crucial for Dioclée. The people rebelled and lynched his Prince, Dragomir.

That begins in 1034, Dobroslav, also called Stefan Voislav, wire of Dragomir ( Stefan Voislav ; éponyme of the Maison of Vojislavljević, which was Noblesse travonienne, started to pile up troops to release Dioclée. While Voislav prepared for the war, he played a false game with the Byzantine , ensuring to them that it was their faithful subject. It obtained the nickname " Stefan" Greek word Stephanos , meaning " couronné" to approach its independent capacity. In 1035 and 1036 a Soulèvement took place, but the Byzantines arranged themselves promptly to impose a truce. Voislav was taken as an hostage in Constantinople, and tries it to occupy Dioclée was given to the strategos Serbe, Theophilos Erotikos . Voislav managed to escape the imprisonment and to involve a brawl to expel the strategos Theophilos and to create a territory independent of the Lac of Skadar to the mountains of Hum. It also attended the rising of the Slaves which progressed quickly of Belgrade through Naissos until Skopje, carried out by Petar Delian, like the Slavic rising of Tihomir to Dyrrachium. Those implied in rising even reached the ruins of Thèbes on an occasion, which made that the Byzantines left quiet Dioclée some time.

The Byzantine Emperor Michel, waiting in Thessalonique, was to receive a cargo of Or of 10 Kentenars of the Italy of the South. A galère was accidentally crashed to pieces in bay of Duklja. These treasures were taken by the men of Voislav, who largely enriched the economy diocléenne. That caused the fury of Michel, and it sent the imperial Eunuque George Probat to crush the movement of Voislav. The army of eunuque, as well as eunuque George, was captured by Diocléens in a ambush and undergoes a total defeat. The son of Voslav, Radoslav, was famous to have killed itself a Commander Byzantine Militaire on the field of Bataille. Slavic risings in Macedonia de Petar Delian, which was crowned like Tsar Petar II of the Bulgarian ones, prevented any possibility for another Byzantine army of making an attempt against Dioclée.

Later, these crownings were repeated by its descendant Mihailo de Voislav, which held the old princely title of Prince de Rascie until in 1077, where it accepted the title of King of Slavic the and a crown of the Pape Gregoire VII. To mark its crowning, the Pape raised évêché of Bar in an archbishop's palace in 1080. Its kingdom was known under the name of Royaume of Serbia, and Mihailo carried the title of Souverain of Tribal and the Serbes . During the expansion of Dioclée in Croatia in which the forces diocléennes made an incursion as far as Knin, the integral sovereign title was King de Dioclée and of Dalmatie . It sends his son with an army in order to help the insurrection of George Voiteh in 1072 during the Slavic rebellion in old Macedonia. Constantin Bodin was accepted as a Petar III, Tsar of Bulgarian the (see Liste of the sovereigns of Bulgaria), but it was made capture by the Byzantine forces. It was delivered by his father in 1078. King Mihailo finished the unification of the Byzantine enclaves of Dubrovnik, Kotor, Bar and Ulcinj, started with his predecessor.

This period was useful for Dioclée. While its Eastern edges were used like a limiting zone between the Pape and the oecumenical Patriarch, the sovereigns of Dioclée used the Latin side to gain the independence of Byzance, but reinforced the Eastern rite and schismic orthodoxe not to be controlled by the west Catholique. Constantin Bodin inherited his father the kingdom diocléen. He was the son-in-law of Guy of Normandy, Robert Guiscard. After the death of Bodin, Dioclée did not have powerful sovereigns, and the combat around the crown became common. In 1101, an army of Crusaders passed through Dioclée with the Count Raymond IV of Toulouse during the Croisade of 1101.

The other sovereigns of the dynasty Voislav after Bodin included Vukan , Marko , Uroš I and Uroš II .

Late age, rascian

The Byzantine offered many grounds of the Grande Principality of Rascie to Stracimir , wire of the Prince Zavide of Zahumlje, which controlled in the name of his/her older brother, the Grand Prince Tihomir de Rascie, since 1166 like vassal of the Byzantine Empire. The major part of Duklja belonged to these grounds.

Out of the irruption of Diocleia Ribnica , which was the birthplace of the brother of prince Stracimir, the prince Stefan Nemanja, another son of prince Zavide of Zachlumie. Towards 1168, Stefan Nemanja went up to the throne as Grand Prince of Rascie after it overcame Tihomir. Stracimir has at the constant beginning Tihomir, but was withdrawn at once that Tihomir started to lose.

Another brother of Stracimir, the prince Miroslav of Zachlumie, had to cancel his military forwardings against Korčula and Vis (Smoothed), because of the defeat vis-a-vis the République of Raguse in 1184, in which Stracimir offered a military aid. Milroslav was possibly withdrawn from the war, when Stracimir did not want to only progress, and thus gave up the conquest of the Republic too. Stracimir had the duty to take the islands Korčula and Vis in 1185. More the small portion of its army tried to make a massive incursion with Vis. The galères of Stracimir approached its armies with Korčula and this one took the island, but had not prepared to control its boats, which approached in the fertile areas of the island, on the west coast. The inhabitants of Korčula called the République of Raguse to the assistance and this one managed to capture all the galères of Stracimir. Prince Stacimir arranged himself to sign an agreement with the inhabitants of the island: he guarantees to them that the island will have its autonomy, separated from the Zachlumie; while the islanders would be of agreement to help its armies to put on the veil at the continent.

Though prince Stracimir was the factual sovereign of Duklja, the prince Mihailo of the former sovereign family Voislav and the nephew of Stefan Nemanja remained the titular sovereign. After the absence of passage of Stracimir, Mihailo required to control Dioclée in the name of the Byzantine emperor, rather than the Serb duke. In 1186, when Stefan Nemanja was in war with the Byzantine Empire, it left to military countryside to incorporate Dioclée in its kingdom. It besieged Bar, which was under the domination of the local archbishop, Grgur. Grgur wrote the Chroniques of the priest of Duklja in 1172 - 1196 to reinforce the morals of the people, initially trying to keep Dioclée independent, and after only marking its first glory. He predicts the return of the old royal capacity in Dioclée, but its hopes all were in vain. Stefan Nemanja required 800 perpères (old unit of currency in Montenegro) of ransom to give up the seat of Bar, whereas prince Mihailo was attacked by the brothers of Nemanja. Stefan Nemanja gave Duklja in 1186 to his/her oldest son, Vukan which proclaimed with the capacity with the old royal title of King de Dioclée and Dalmatie . In 1189, prince Mihailo died and its Desislava princess escaped with the honest nobility remaining from Dioclée and the archbishop from Bar in her two boats towards the République from Raguse. Desislava left by afterwards to Omis, where she died. The Grgur archbishop was exiled and his station temporarily abolished after the capture of Bar by Nemanja, but it continued its chronicles in exile. Vukan of the Nemanjić maintained good relationships with the papacy, since it Maria a relationship of the Pape and showed the Ban Kulin of Bosnia of heresy at the pope. Vukan was furious because he had not inherited the Large princely throne Stefan Nemanja, which was contrary with the traditional system of primogeniture, then he rebelled against new the Grand Prince First-crowned Stefan II Nemanjić with the assistance of the nobility diocléenne, and managed to reach the Large princely throne in 1202, but was deposited in 1204 by Stefan II with the assistance bulgarienne. Vukan was withdrawn in Dioclée where it continued to control and to fight the Large Prince.

At these times, the name Zeta replaced the old name of the area (drifting name of the river of Zeta).

The era marks one critical moment in the history Montenegrin since Nemanjić imposed by force the Serb orthodoxe religion on the majority of the population diocléenne. Any trace of the preceding sovereigns méticuleusement was thoroughly and méticuleusement removed, with the objective completely to remove the collective memory of the past. The job was made with an admirable effectiveness leaving of the visible traces to date.

List sovereigns

Petar (Predimir), Prince de Dioclée and Travonie towards 900
Petrislav, Prince de Dioclée and Travonie 971 - 990
St Jovan Vladimir, Prince de Dioclée and Travonie 990 - May 22nd, 1016
Prince Dragomir
Stefan Voislav, Prince de Dioclée 1034 - 1050
Large Prince , King Mihailo Voislav of Dioclée 1050 - 1081
King Constantin Bodin of Dioclée and Dalmatie 1081 - 1101
the brothers Kings Dobroslav II and Mihailo of Dioclée 1101 - 1102
King Dobroslav III of Dioclée 1102
King Kočopar of Dioclée 1102 - 1103
King Vladimir of Dioclée 1103 - 1113
King George of Dioclée 1113 - 1118
Prince Grubeša of Dioclée and Antivari 1118 - 1125
King George of Dioclée 1125 - 1131 (reinstated)
Prince Mihailo of Zeta until in 1189
Prince of Rascie , Large Prince of Rascie , Duke of all the Serbia Stefan I Nemanja 1186 - 1196
King Vukan II of the Nemanjić of Dioclée and Dalmatie 1196 - 1208, Vassal of the first Stephen I Nemanja and by after that of First-crowned Stefan II Nemanjić; 1202 - 1204 independent.

Chronology

towards 950 - the first knez (archonte) of Dioclée - Petrislav.
990 - the beginning of the rule of the Saint Jovan Vladimir.
1016 - Jovan Vladimir lost his life in a trap of the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Vladislav. Ivan Vladislav.
1034 - the beginning of a rebellion carried out by noble a travonien of the name of Dobroslav or Voislav against the Byzantine government.
1042 - Stefan Dobroslav I Voislav overcame the Byzantine army decisively close to Bar, keeping the independence of Dioclée.
towards 1050 - Mihailo Voislav inherits the kingdom Stefan, taking the old title of large-prince rascian.
1054 - the Great schism of the East.
1067 - a branch autocéphale of the Serb Catholic church in the new one évêché of Bar.
1077 - Duklja becomes a Royaume, with Mihailo Voislav like first monarch.
1082 - under the requests of Constantin Bodin, the évêché of Bar was high in Archevêché.
1101 - died of Constantin Bodin; many dynastic fights for the throne.
1185 - the Prince Stracimir made an incursion with Korčula and Vis.
1186 - the annexation by Stefan Nemanja of Dioclée and the establishment of Dioclée like Serb province.
1189 - the death of Prince Mihailo; the Desislava Princess flees her functions for the Republic.

See too

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