Digraph

In Linguistic, a digraph is an assembly of two Graphème S (two letters in the Alphabet S) representing a single Phonème and becoming new a graphème (a trigram for three graphèmes, etc). For example in the word cabbage , the digraph or corresponds to only one phonological vowel , /u/ and CH represents the phoneme/ʃ/. One can thus say that this word contains four letters and two graphèmes. So that a succession of two letters is regarded as a digraph, it is necessary that it is well attested in the written form, to even be productive. One can, in French, to note any new word using the Phonème/ʃ/by CH , which confirms its statute of graphème, therefore of digraph.

The use of digraphs or trigrams in an alphabet often states that it as such because it is lacunar misses a clean character making it possible to note one of the phonemes of the language written by its skew.

Note: the transcriptions are in International Phonetic Alphabet.

False diphthongs and old diphthongs

The digraphs can be made up of vowels or consonants. Digraphs of vowels are also called “false Diphtongue S” when the two vowels note only one simple vowel. It is the case in French ( or =, have = or, have = or, etc). The old Greek also knows some: ου can be worth and ει. In the same way in Greek modern for αι = or ει, οι, υι =.

In the facts, it is advisable to distinguish to them false real diphthongs from the cases of Monophtongaison: in old Greek, the phonemes /o ː/and /e ː/of the dialect Ionian-attic could not, because of the absence of signs which were clean for them after the reform of 403 before the Christian era, being noted differently. They are false diphthongs well there. In modern Greek and French, the current notations are explained by the play of an old monophtongaison. The two processes are not identical: it is a means of mitigating the gaps of a writing in the first case, an archaism due to the secondary evolution of marked in the past diphthongs like such in the second.

Binding and digraph

With the difference of the binding, the graphic identity of the graphèmes fundamental compounds is not faded. For example, with and or are digraphs, while æ and œ are bindings.

The digraph in the alphabetical order

One will not confuse the graphème and the letter : any digraph is a graphème but any digraph is not regarded as a letter. Indeed, in certain languages the digraph remains regarded as two separate letters (it is not entered in the alphabetical order). On the contrary, in others, the digraphs function as of the new letters which have their own place in the Alphabetical classification.

For example, the digraph CH in French is not a letter: it is not counted in the alphabet and the word horse must be classified, in a dictionary, for example, between words in this and Ci . In Vietnamese, however, CH is a digraph and a letter. Thus, chiếc must be sought at the heading of the words in CH , placed after all the words starting with C . One can illustrate that by words to be classified:

  • that , dog , lash for French;
  • cải , cựu , che , for Vietnamese.

Examples of digraphs (and trigrams)

  • German:

    • ae , as a ä, corresponds to (former lower Mid vowel nonround)
    • CH , corresponds to (deaf velar fricative Consonne) or (deaf palatal fricative Consonne)
    • ck , corresponds to (deaf velar Occlusive consonant)
    • I.E.(internal excitation) , corresponds to (former low Voyelle nonround followed by a former high Voyelle lower nonround)
    • have , corresponds to (posterior lower Mid vowel round followed by a former high Voyelle lower round)
    • oe , as a ö, corresponds to (former lower Mid vowel round) or (former higher Mid vowel round)
    • sch , corresponds to (deaf post-alveolar fricative Consonne)
    • S , as a ß, corresponds to (deaf alveolar fricative Consonne)
    • ue , as a U, corresponds to (former high Voyelle round) or (former high Voyelle lower round)

  • English:

    • have , ay correspond mainly to (Diphthongue: former higher Mid vowel nonround followed by a former high Vowel nonround)
    • CH , generally corresponds to (Consonne deaf post-alveolar affricate consonant), less often to (deaf post-alveolar fricative Consonne)
    • ck , corresponds to (deaf velar Occlusive consonant)
    • ea , IE , I.E.(internal excitation) correspond mainly to (former high Voyelle nonround)
    • ee , corresponds to (former high Voyelle nonround)
    • gh , corresponds to (fricative Consonne labiodental deaf person) or quiet
    • kN , corresponds to (alveolar nasal Occlusive consonant voiced)
    • L , corresponds to (alveolar Consonne spirante side voiced)
    • ng , corresponds to (velar nasal Occlusive consonant voiced)
    • oo , corresponds to (posterior high Voyelle round)
    • pH , corresponds to (deaf labiodental fricative Consonne)
    • HS , corresponds to, (deaf post-alveolar fricative Consonne)
    • HT , generally corresponds to (fricative Consonant deaf dental consonant) or (fricative Consonant voiced dental consonant)
    • ue corresponds to (posterior high Voyelle nonround)
    • wh, corresponds to (deaf labiovelar fricative Consonne; to also see Hwair)

  • Basque:

    • Tx , corresponds to (Consonne deaf post-alveolar affricate consonant)

  • Breton:

    • CH , corresponds to (deaf post-alveolar fricative Consonne)
    • it H , corresponds to (fricative Consonne glottale deaf) or (deaf velar fricative Consonne) or (voiced velar fricative Consonne)
    • have , corresponds to (former lower Mid vowel round) or (former higher Mid vowel round)
    • gn , corresponds to (palatal nasal Occlusive consonant voiced)
    • ilh , corresponds to (Consonne spirante side voiced palatal)
    • or , corresponds to (posterior high Voyelle round) or (labiovelar Consonne spirante voiced)

  • French:

    • have , I.E.(internal excitation) , correspond to (former lower Mid vowel nonround)
    • year , corresponds to
    • with the , corresponds to (posterior higher Mid vowel round)
    • CH , corresponds to (deaf post-alveolar fricative Consonne) or
    • in , corresponds to or
    • have , œu , corresponds to (former lower Mid vowel round) or (former higher Mid vowel round)
    • gn , corresponds to (palatal nasal Occlusive consonant voiced)
    • in , Ain , ein , corresponds to
    • L , generally corresponds to (palatal Consonne spirante voiced) after a I
    • oi , oe , correspond to
    • oin , corresponds to
    • one , corresponds to
    • or , corresponds to (posterior high Voyelle round) or (labiovelar Consonne spirante voiced)
    • pH , corresponds to (deaf labiodental fricative Consonne)
    • qu , corresponds to (Consonne occlusive velar deaf person)
    • S , corresponds to (deaf alveolar fricative Consonne) between two vowels
    • a , corresponds to

  • Welsh:

    • CH , corresponds to (deaf uvular fricative Consonne)
    • dd , corresponds to (fricative Consonne voiced dental consonant)
    • FF , corresponds to (deaf labiodental fricative Consonne)
    • L , corresponds to (deaf alveolar side Consonne fricative)
    • ng , corresponds to (velar nasal Occlusive consonant voiced)
    • pH , corresponds to (deaf labiodental fricative Consonne)
    • Rh , corresponds to
    • HT , corresponds to (Consonne fricative deaf dental consonant)

  • Greek old:

    • ει (I.E.(internal excitation)), corresponds to (or a true diphthong)
    • ου (or), corresponds to

  • Greek modern:

    • αι (A), corresponds to
    • ει (I.E.(internal excitation)), corresponds to
    • γκ (gk), corresponds to
    • μπ (mp), corresponds to
    • ντ (NT), corresponds to
    • οι (oi), corresponds to
    • ου (or), corresponds to

  • Dutch:

    • aa , corresponds to (former low Voyelle nonround)
    • CH , corresponds to (deaf velar fricative Consonne)
    • ee , corresponds to (former higher Mid vowel nonround)
    • have , corresponds to (former higher Mid vowel round)
    • IE , corresponds to (former high Voyelle nonround)
    • ij corresponds to or
    • ng , corresponds to (velar nasal Occlusive consonant voiced)
    • oe , corresponds to (posterior high Voyelle round)
    • oo , corresponds to (posterior higher Mid vowel round)
    • sj , corresponds to (deaf post-alveolar fricative Consonne)
    • uu , corresponds to (former high Voyelle round)

  • Polish:

    • dz
    • dzi
    • dź
    • dż
    • CH
    • rz
    • sz

  • Czech:

    • CH , corresponds to (deaf velar fricative Consonne)
    • Dž , corresponds to (Consonne voiced post-alveolar affricate consonant); used mainly in words of foreign origin ( džem , jam)

  • Thai (transcription):

    • KH , corresponds to
    • ng , corresponds to
    • pH , corresponds to
    • HT , corresponds to

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