Die wood

The dies Bois are structured in various ways in the world, sometimes completely private, sometimes controlled by the state and sometimes mixed. Side purchasers, the international business is dominated by the the United States and the China. The the United Kingdom, the France, the Japan are also of very large purchasers. The Canada suffices for most of its needs, like the countries of Northern Europe, but they are nevertheless significant importers of Exotic wood S. the Brésil prohibited the sale of Grume S, he thus exports only sawings, with better a Added-value for the country. The Indonesia followed it for better developing its wood and answering criticisms international relating to the anarchistic destruction of its forests and their biodiversity. The majority of the tropical countries export still primarily Grume S which bring less money to them than if wood were sawn and planed on the spot.

The market of the Pulp paper is another important outlet for the die, as well as the Contreplaqué and the agglomerate.

Many a ONG denounces an important traffic of “wood illegal” , even of protected spaces, and an exploitation turning to the Déforestation which is done with the detriment of the ecosystem S foresters and of the indigenous populations. Thus, following the overexploitation of the forests of Malaysia, the Orang-outan is today in the process of disappearance.

Part of the die answered - with the assistance of these ONG - these criticisms by creating écolabel S or écosociolabel S such as FSC.

China and delocalization of dies

From 1995 to 2005, the China - although one of the zones more being déforestée of planet - became first world exporter of woody products, for a value with the exportation of products wood (primarily transformed) of 8,63 billion euros in the first half of 2006. The imports of these products by the the United States and Europe increased respectively by 1.000 and 800%. To provide itself out of wood, China became one of the first African wood importers and the second world importer of barks of coniferous tree, bought to 70% in Russia. The country supports also six great industrial parks of transformation of wood (sawings, lamellate-stuck, panels…) out of its borders, of which in Russia. This delocalization increases the ecological Empreinte and energetics of the die wood. For example, from 2003 to 2006, the Chinese companies of forestry development concession contracts in Germany obtained, from where 50.000 cubic meters of wood towards China. This wood is transported to China and is brought back in the form of end products to Europe. German and Italian companies of the piece of furniture approached the European commission concerning a complaint for dumping against China

The economic weight of the die wood in France

The France is the first European power as regards volume of Bois on foot (forests of coniferous tree and leafy trees), but it is practically the last in term of wood consumption per capita. However, wood, renewable material par excellence, have undeniable environmental advantages because to use it contributes largely to the reduction in gases with Greenhouse effect thanks to its capacities to fix CO at a rate of a ton for one cubic meter of transformed wood.

The sector “forest-wood” in France represents more, in terms of employment, that the sector of the car as a whole: 550.000 employment for 100.000 companies primarily divided into rural environment.

  • Turnover of the die forest-wood in France: 23,1 billion euros broken up into:

  • Sylviculture: 1,0 billion euros (4,3%)
  • Forestry development: 0,6 billion euros (2,6%)
  • Sawmill S: 3,5 billion euros (15,1%)
  • Industries: 8,4 billion euros (36,5%)
  • Undertaken CMA3: 9,6 billion euros (41,5%)
  • Many paid: 550.000
  • Many companies: 100.000

The French forest

  • forest owners Number: 3.495.000

  • Entire surface of the Forest: 16.000.000 of hectares (29% of the French territory).
  • Surface of the private forest: 11,5 million hectares (74% of the surface of the forest)
  • Its row in Europe: 3rd surfaces some and 1st in volume
  • annual Volume of production of roundwood: 30.000.000 m ³ (4th European rank).
  • ONF manages 26,3% of total forest surface.
  • See List of the principal forests of France.

Sawings

  • produced annual Volume: 10.517.000 m ³ (5th rank European)

  • of which exported volume: 1.000.000 m ³
  • dried Volume: 2.000.000 m ³
  • imported Volume: 2.600.000 m ³ (including 2.000.000 of coniferous tree)

The wood consumption in the world

Expressed in m ³ per capita and per annum

Environmental stakes of wood

renewable Resource (as long as it is not not overexploited): The Bois is a fundamental material for the Sustainable development. Wood hard (shot down legally or illegally), will be regenerated in approximately 100 years in moderate zone and 200 to 700 years in tropical zone. One liter of crude oil, used will put several million year to be reconstituted.

Well of carbon : Wood is one of the alternatives to absorb part of the Carbon dioxide (principal Gaz with greenhouse effect responsible for the Climate change) surplus in our atmosphere. A ton of wood stores on average a ton of CO. More we use of drink as sawlog (because wood-paper or wood-energy re-emits CO quickly that it stored) more we store of CO; on the condition of managing the forests suitably, because the ground is another carbon well there, fragile.

Materials little énergivore : wood consumes little energy fossils for its production, comparatively for example with the Ciment, the terra cotta or the Acier which require a mining extraction, much of fossil energies and generate a significant Pollution.

For these reasons, wood is often presented like a very good ecological material , but of uncertainties and controversies remain as for the capacity of the forests cultivated to replace the ecological functions of the primary Forêts, and as for the definition of the criteria and thresholds of renouvelability and soutenability of the wood exploitations and as for the reliability of the traceability of wood (cf as examples tropical and Siberian wood traffic). Problems are also unsolved concerning the Pesticide S of treatment of the wood used in the construction industry.

If French consumed 0,228 m ³ of wood per capita per annum over the ten next years (that is to say +25% compared to the current location), the France would satisfy 17% of its engagements relating to the agreements of Kyoto of 1997 (see: Protocol of Kyōto) (source?).

Fight against the illegal wood

One generally understands by illegal wood any protected gasoline wood, or coming from a species illegally exploited (in an protected area or not), or without complying with the regulations of the International Labor Organization (work of the children, employees badly paids, or not protected.). The écosociolabel S such as FSC aim at the respect of the international treaties and the laws of the country. other labels as PEFC impose only the respect of the law in force in the country of the Head office of the company which requires the label.

Europe : In May 2003, the Commission voted a “Action plan against illegal the wood trade ”, said FLEGT (Forest law enforcement, governance and trade ) to bring the producer countries to better a Gouvernance, and coproduire of the voluntary agreements of partnership aiming at preventing the illegal wood entry in the EU. It is also a question of encouraging to reduce the purchase of illegal wood by Europeans. A circular of April 2005 has defines the environmental and social criteria open-market purchases of wood, but without means of checking, formation and follow-up. France negotiates agreements or a co-operation with Congo-Brazzaville and Gabon. But the producing ONG and states miss financial assistances and material to check on the ground if the cuts are or not illicit.
France : The WWF still estimated mid- 2007 qu ' a quarter of the French consumption (in metropolis) of wood was not the subject of any criterion social or environmental. Wood African imported and sold into France were to 39% of illegal origin (always according to the WWF, but this figure does not seem to be contradicted). An investigation of the WWF concluded that for the parquet floors, doors, windows, staircases, cabinet work… of the Casa signs, Castorama, Ikea, Leroy Merlin, Bricorama, Bricomarché, Habitat and Not P: labelling did not mention the source of wood poiur more than 70% of the products and more than 90% of the labels forgot the scientific name of the gasoline. Only 13% of these products had (in 2007) the label FSC. France would be the first importer in wood Europe coming from the basin of Congo, one of richest in the world in biodiversity, but where the forest is degraded quickly.

Traceability

The total Traçabilité of all the supply chain of wood is one of the stakes of credibility of the labels, economic Efficience and development of the quality of die-wood. It would make it possible moreover to limit wood illegally exported and imported, and those listed in appendix of the QUOTE, whose trade is regulated.
Elle relates to management, the genetic source of the seedlings or seeds (when they are plantations), while passing by the cut, the sorting of the barks, sawing, the sorting of sawings, drying, the classification, the first or second transformation until possibly the re-use or recycling or valorization.
La transparency with all the stages, and the automation of the traceability are new stakes for the upstream of the die-wood which remained very traditional, whereas the Codes bars or the géoréférencement are generalized in many other sectors, and that the Electronic chips developed (by ex for the pets).

the brakes are many : competitive market whose upstream consists of very great groups and tens of million small holders, will of confidentiality of certain forest owners and private companies, difficulties with mutualiser the computer tools and absence of law imposing the traceability in this sector, lack of means in the equatorial forest countries…

Programs and tests of methods Holistique S and multi-objectives tried to raise some of these obstacles with for example the FSC which supported as of the years 1990 a program of code bar according to the tree and its transformation, as of the cut in forest), and 10 years after, in Europe, the Project: “Indisputable Key” dedicated to the forest traceability, envisaged for 3 years starting from Oct. 2006, with a budget of 12 d.euros million including 7.7 M euros financed by the' EU, to help 29 private partners of 5 countries (Estonia, Finland, France, Norway, Sweden), making following program LINESET.

Average techniques:

  • Laptops adapted to the use in forest or factory, including function GPS for marking by code or identification numbers of the trees as of the cut, with location SIG.
  • Electronic chip, Radio-label S or chip RFID ( Radio operator Frequency Identification Device ), being able to be stuck or injected into wood (or pieces of furniture, roller of paper or paperboard.) to store and recover their remote data. They are already used by the town of Paris for example for the follow-up of the urban trees.
  • Antennas of reading adapted to the die, automatic reading of the codes by camera
  • Code (possibly circular) stamped by percussion on the section of a ball of wood, (replaces the code bar difficult to pose on the section of expressing wood of the sap or resin)
  • Marquage adapted to the products of second or third transformation, biodegradable, indicating markers of the Analyzes of Life cycle.
  • genetic Test; The tests of DNA could in the future be automated

Example of traceability

Against the wood traffic, in Australia ;
Following the pressures of ONG such as Greenpeace, WWF or the friends of the ground, the die Australienne wood which considered mid 2007 to import for approximately 400 million Australian dollars of illegal wood, often involuntarily, for lack of means of traceability and because of the difficulty in identifying the exotic wood with the eye, starts to react.
Pour the 1st time, the largest Australian importer (Simmonds Lumber, of Sydney) set up a genetic test able to identify profiles DNA of tree pushing in the legal plantations indonésiennes. The analyzes can be made with the port in Indonesia or downstream at exit of sawmill., after which an accredited certifier (Cerrtisource in fact) approves the wood balls by marking them with a code related to a referencing in a reliable data bank, for export towards Australia. In parallel, mid 2007, the Australian Government promised 200 million Australian dollars at a total bottom of assistance to the bearable management of the forests and the application of the sanctions against illegal demolitions (what requires a reliable traceability).

In France ,
le project BLOGFOR , within the framework of the action plan TICPME 2010, helped by the State, aims at a standard of exchange of information (professional electronic exchange) for the die wood, being possibly inspired by the traceability developed for Agriculture.

See too

External bonds

  • Europe and the forest - Lexicon

  • the national site of the Poplar
  • http://www.onf.fr/
  • http://www.ifn.fr/spip/

Random links:ISO 3166-2: KZ | Reichenbach im Kandertal | Saint-Nazaire-of-Gardies | Franz Pfnür | Badr El Kaddouri | Hubert_Raudaschl