Desempleo

Hatchepsout is the fifth queen-Pharaon of the ancient Egypt. The most current orthography is Hatchepsout but Hatshepsut (orthography English E) exists sometimes in French. One can also find Hatshepsout or Hatschepsout .

Hatchepsout is the girl of Thoutmôsis {{Ier}} and of the Grande royal wife Ahmès (girl of Amenhotep {{Ier}} and of the queen Ahmès-Néfertary). His/her half-brother, Thoutmôsis {{II}}, that she had married to ensure the legitimacy of this last, goes up on the throne after the death of his father; but, undoubtedly from a fragile health, it disappears young person. Manéthon calls it Amessis or Amensis.

Ineni, which was mayor of Thèbes, reports in an autobiographical inscription of its tomb that Thoutmôsis (the second) left for the sky and mixed to the gods. His/her son (Thoutmôsis {{III}}, the son of Thoutmôsis and Iset, one of the concubines of its father) went up in his place on the throne of the Double Country and reigned on the throne of that which had it engendré. However, with its advent, the new king was still a whole young child. This is why his/her Hatchepsout sister (…) led the businesses of the country. The Two Grounds were subjected to its will and served it.

Reign

In the year of Thoutmôsis {{III}} (some say in the year), it obtains all the capacities while being made crown Pharaon thanks to the support of the high clergy of Amon directed by the Large Priest Hapouseneb. So the heir legitimates sees himself relegated to the second plan.

It is from now on:

Horus female (Hr.t) (sic): That whose Ka S are powerful ;
Two Mistresses: That of which the years reverdissent (or renew );
Horus of gold: That of which the appearances are divine ;
King (sic) High and of Low-Egypt: Maâtkarê ( Maât is the Ka of Re );
Wire (sic) of Re: Khenemet-Amon-Hatchepsout ( That which is linked in Amon (or: kid of Amon ), the first of the noble Ladies ).

It does not usurp the throne strictly speaking, because Thoutmôsis {{III}} remains associated with the royal demonstrations. Officially, the queen-Pharaon is only corégente of Thoutmôsis {{III}}, but it is incontestably it which holds the reality of the capacity. To give an addition of legitimacy, it propagates the myth of its divine birth. According to a long inscription in its funerary temple with Deir el-Bahari, its Castle of the Million years , it would have been generated by the god Amon who had taken the features of his father, Thoutmôsis {{Ier}}; after this “crowned marriage” or Théogamie, Thot worked it on its potter's wheel and it was presented to Amon which promised “ to him this beneficial function royal in this entire country ”. Moreover, of living already of Thoutmôsis {{Ier}}, it would have been installed on the “ throne of Horus of alive the ”, i.e. crowned, in the presence of the Court, after the oracle of Amon to Karnak had indicated it as king.

After its crowning, Hatchepsout replaces the sheath dress and its crown of queen by the loincloth runs, the Némès and the false beard. The many statues representing it as a man attest his will to be recognized as a king. In the year, it makes raise its funerary temple beside that of Montouhotep {{II}} (-2009/-1997), in a cliff of the mountain thebaine, with Deir el-Bahari, temple which the Egyptians named " djéser djéserou" , the Holy of Holies . In addition to its Castle of the Million years , it makes build its fall into the Vallée of the Kings close to that of her father, and, with Karnak, the eighth pylon just as a vault-resting place for the boat of Amon, known as the Red Vault.

This energetic woman could be maintained with the capacity during about fifteen years, thanks to the support of qualified and devoted dignitaries whose fate was undoubtedly related to his: Pouymrê, second prophet of Amon and great architect; the chancellor Néhésy, who took the head of forwarding towards the Pays of Pount; Hapouseneb, its vizier and Large Priest of Amon; Sénènmout (or Senmout), its favorite, which was also the tutor of the princess Néférourê.

Sénènmout, wire of Ramose and Hatnefer, was of modest origin, but its ambition and its talents gave access to him the favors of the queen. He became its first adviser, perhaps his lover, accumulating richnesses and titles: Single friend, Servant of Maât, manager of the royal fields, intendant of the “fields and the herds of Amon”, “Director of the Two Attics”, he was also “Director of all work of the king (I. E. of the queen)” and, as such, it supervised the construction of the Château of the Million years , of which he was also the architect. In the year, it directed the forwarding which brought back granite careers of Assouan the pair of Obélisque S that the queen made draw up with Karnak. After the death of Néférourê, it fell apparently in disgrace, because its name and its images were hammered the alive one even of Hatchepsout. According to any probability, the reign of Hatchepsout was peaceful, although in the year it had to subdue a Nubian rebellion on the level of the second cataract. Even if the majority of its constructions in Nubie were destroyed under her successors, there remains some traces of its passage to Kasr Ibrîm and Bouhen. The foreign politics of the queen was characterized especially by commercial forwardings. Thus, in the Castle of the Million years , the low-reliefs illustrate a forwarding sent to the Pays of Pount, in year IX/of the reign: with their return, but especially of the incense, which was abundantly used in the ceremonies of the worship. Lebanon, its caravans brought back the wood of cedar necessary to the construction of the boats; a forwarding towards the the Sinai made it possible to work the turquoise and copper mines.

In the year or reign, two years after the death or the disgrace of Sénènmout, Thoutmôsis {{III}} assumed only the capacity and made hammer the cartridges of the mysterious queen , their substituent those of Thoutmôsis 1st and or them his.

Genealogy

Titulature

Burial

A anonymous Momie found in the tomb KV60 was officially authenticated by Zahi Hawass, Directeur of the Supreme council of Egyptian Antiquities, the June 27th 2007, as being that of the Hatchepsout Queen.

In 1903 the Egyptologist Howard Carter - with whom one owes the discovery of the tomb of Toutânkhamon in 1922 - had put at the day the mummies of two women in the tomb KV60 of the Vallée of the Kings to Louxor. One of the mummies was held in a Sarcophage while an other was posed simply on the ground of the tomb. The first mummy was identified like that of the nurse of Hatchepsout, Satrê. The identity of the second woman remained until now unknown factor. Whereas the Momie of the nurse had been transferred to the Egyptian Musée from Cairo other had been left on the ground inside the tomb. The American specialist in the Nécropole S thebaines Elisabeth Thomas (today deceased) had been the first to raise the possibility that the anonymous mummy can be that of the Queen it even what had been worth to him to be sharply criticized by other specialists. The principal argument of the Egyptologist was the fact that the mummy had the left arm folded up on the chest, which, in the ancient Egypt, was a gesture specific to the royal mummies.

The identification could be possible thanks to the use of a scanner 3D which made it possible to discover a fragment of tooth in one limps with internal organ (canope) bearing the name of Hatchepsout and to find in the teeth of the anonymous mummy, the site empties (the hollow of a broken tooth) corresponding to him. Tests DNA in progress (2007) should make it possible to confirm this assumption. Thanks to the CT-scan, a technique of imagery allowing a recombining of the body in three dimensions, the archeologists specified that it was about a woman of about fifty years, obese, and probably died of a cancer of the bones.

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