The delinquency is a control characterized by Délit S repeated, especially considered under its also penal social aspect but. She is regarded as a first step towards the Criminalité and for this reason, it is repressed. They are mainly operated offenses with small scales, and the pejorative connotation of the word is directed overall towards a whole of people, whose delinquent nature is more determining than the act of delinquency itself. As the term includes the concept of repetition, they are the authors who are aimed and not an action in oneself. If the concept of dangerous classes were used at the 19th century, it seems that second half of the 20th century has changed the social glance by more frequently associating the delinquency with the young . Exploiting the negative value of the term, concepts as those of financial delinquency also appeared.

The delinquency relates to the methods of action and not its motivations: thus, a rioter is regarded as a delinquent as from the moment when political motivations are denied to him, or all at least, as from the moment when one does not take them into account. It can be directed as well against the tangible properties as against the people, but the degree of Tolérance is less low in the case of the attacks against the people (the offense will become more easily a Crime, as well penally as médiatiquement). The not-tender with social norms or laws, without there being degradation or aggression, is also a delinquent attitude. It is in particular the prohibited case of consumption or the product sales.

Fight against the delinquency

The debate on the example New Yorkean

As in the remainder of the the United States, the criminality and the delinquency decreased since the beginning of the Années 1990 with New York. Some consider that this fall followed the policies of the mayor Rudolph Giuliani, between 1993 and 1998. During this period, the number of murders per annum was divided by more than three. Some then considered that that was the fruit of the following facts:

• of the “Tolerance zero”,
• of a stronger Repression,
• of the fall of the Unemployment,
• of the Rehabilitation of the districts of the north of Manhattan, for example of Harlem,
• of the omnipresence of the police force and integration of the ethnic minorities in the police force ( Affirmative action ),
• of a concerted work of the various municipal institutions, in particular of the schools.

Many researchers dispute this point of view asserting in particular that at the same time criminality also dropped in an equivalent measurement in other American cities (Houston, San Diego, Dallas, etc) by the means of different policies, Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner noting, in particular that the fall had already started before the installation of these policies, provide for their part a générationnelle explanation. The sociologist and anthropologist Loïc Wacquant justify him, for its part, the fall of the crime by the end of the epidemic of the Crack, very important in New York between 1985 and 1991, which would be a factor criminogene of scale. This one strongly criticized the importation in Europe, of the principles of the theory of the “pane broken” at the origin of the policies of “Tolérance zero”. This theory is challenged besides by a vast majority of the researchers, but one can however quote Sebastian Roché as a counterexample.

Associations of prevention of the delinquency

Resulting in 1992 from the Forum European for the Urban security , the French Forum for the Urban security joins together more than one hundred thirty territorial collectivities. It is directed by an Executive committee of twenty and one elected members representative of the political sensibilities and urban diversities of France.
The French Forum for the Urban security says to be recognized in the principles of the Charte " Democracy and Sécurité" . For that, he asks the reinforcement of the role of the territorial collectivities and the town councilors and presents his security policy according to three axes: prevention, repression and solidarity.

Statistics

The insecurity

France

The Statistique S of the delinquency in France are carried out starting from the State 4001, a file carried out on the basis of figure recorded by the police force. These statistics are subjected to controverse.
They would not measure the déliquance but rather the police activity, itself prone to the fact that the victim deposits or not a complaint. Laurent Mucchielli:

1. Francfort-sur-le-Main: 17.213
2. Berlin: 14.966
3. Hamburg: 14.111
4. Düsseldorf: 14.035
5. Cologne: 13.595

Sociology of the delinquency

Delinquency and stigmatization

The figure of the delinquent haunts the public opinion, the Média S, and even the Criminologie. At one time when each one estimates legitimate to be protected against the risks from the existence, the rise of the delinquency and manifest violence is felt like intolerable. Picca notes that the opinion is not without testing complicity with some of its forms, like the Escroquerie. Laurent Mucchielli establishes a parallel between the “farmers in anger” and the riots of the suburbs. All occurs like if the act itself, or its consequences for the victim, counted less than its visibility, or than the label of the delinquent, either because it belongs to a class identified like dangerous, or on the contrary because of the bankruptcy to a public or social mission particular (notable, priests, doctors, teachers, politicians). It is necessary undoubtedly to attach this phenomenon to the concept of “role”, that the delinquent plays a given role too well, or that it transgresses it.

Exclusion or suradaptation?

Nevertheless, without making as at the 19th century of the delinquent a medical type, it is possible to note that certain sociological factors facilitate the entry in delinquency (flights, aggressions, drug trafficking, racket, etc). The criminologists mention the standards of aggressive virility, the sexual segregation, the tender of the individual to the group as of the préadolescence, the insufficient control of the verb and the social codes. Mucchielli. It is substituted, by developing the clientelism, with the État-providence, or by distributing “employment”, with the company. The crime is thus the normal community activity of certain individuals. Mucchielli

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