Delhi - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Delhi (Hindi दिल्ली, Urdu دہلی or دلّی, Punjabi ਦਿੱਲੀ) is the second larger metropolis of the République of India after Mumbai: it counts approximately 13 million inhabitants. Located in the north of India on the edges of the river Yamuna, Delhi has an administrative statute of federal district. Following the constitutional amendment of 1991, Delhi has its clean legislative Assemblée which has only limited capacities.

The Métropole is composed of three coïncidentes cities: the Quartering of Delhi, Delhi and the Delhi News - as well as 214 villages. Capital of several empires of ancient India, Delhi was an important city, placed on the old roads of trade of the North-West to the plains of Gange. Many ancient monuments, archeological sites and vestiges of national importance were set up there during the History. Forming formerly part of the Empire moghol following the victory of prince Babur into 1526 vis-a-vis Ibrahim Lodi, last sultan of Delhi, the moghols established there their capital of empire in part of the city known now under the name of old city or old Delhi . Delhi remained the capital of the Empire moghol until 1707, year of the defeat of Moghols vis-a-vis Marathas, after 27 years of war. During the British Raj, New Delhi, the new city, was built like administrative district of the city. Of the beginning of the year 1900, the British administration required the displacement of the capital of the Indian British Empire, then based with Calcutta since 1772 and judged too offset, towards the town of Delhi, located more at the center. In 1911, George V, then Emperor of India, announced that the capital of Raj would be from now on in Delhi.

The Delhi News was declared capital of India after the country had gained its independence of the British administration in 1947 and acquired a limited autonomy. In 1956, Delhi became a district of the Indian Union, its current statute. As a seat of the government of the Indian Union, the Delhi News accommodates the important offices of the federal government, including the Indian Parliament.

Delhi developed until in becoming a cosmopolitan city due to the massive immigration of people of all the country. As much from other big cities of the world, Delhi suffers from problems of urbanization such as pollution, the congestions and the shortage of the resources. The development and the urbanization rapids of the Delhi News and the accesses as high average revenue of the population mainly eclipsed the sociocultural features which still represented Delhi a few years after independence.

Origin of the Name

The name of Delhi east of a dubious etymological origin. A probable origin is the name of the king Mauryan Rajah Dhillu. But everyone is not unanimous, certain historians think that the origin would be Persan Dahleez (Ourdou: دہلیز) which means threshold, border or of deformation of dehali in Dilli , dehali meaning threshold in hindustani, because the town of Delhi was always regarded as being located at the threshold of India strictly speaking, i.e. the plain of Gange. Other theories still suggest that the original name of the city would have been Dhillika . There are also the Hindi word/prakrit Dhili which means coward and which would have been employed for this locality formerly, which, with time, the name of " would have given; Dilli" with the area.

History

Geography

The territory of Delhi with a sector of 1483 km ² is located between the chain of the the Himalayas and of the Ârâvalli, in the middle of the Indian Sous-continent with the coordinates 28°61' NR 77°23' E. It is surrounded on 3 sides by the Haryana and in the east, beyond the river crowned Yamuna by the Uttar Pradesh. The major part of the territory is on western bank of the river Yamuna, and only some villages and the urban sector of Shahdara are east coast. The territory can be divided into three principal geographical areas: the plain of flood of the Yamuna also called Khadar , the Edge of gangetic Delhi and flat in the south. The plains of the Yamuna provide a alluvial ground fertil adapted for agriculture but are regularly flooded, in particular at the time of the Mousson. Its bigger length is approximately 53 km and its greater width of 48 km. The altitude of Delhi extends between 213 to 318 meters above the sea level, the point highest being the Arête of Delhi in the Ârâvalli. Delhi is located on a zone Sismique of level 4 called High Damage Risk Zone , very sensitive to the important Earthquakes.

Climate

Delhi has a climate Semi-aride with a difference in temperature very high between the summer and the winter. The summers are long, of at the beginning of April to October, with the season of the Mousson as of the end of June. During the season of summer, the cities are confronted with serious shortages of water and much of people die each year because of the heatwave. The winter begins in November and reaches the lowest temperatures in the neighborhoods of the new year. Delhi is known for its heavy fog which appears during the winter. In December, the reduced visibility disturbs the road traffic, railway and air. The extremes of temperature go from -1°C to 47°C with an average temperature over the year of 25°C with an annual pluviometric average of approximately 714 millimetres, of which the major part falls at the time of the Mousson in July and August. The Mousson arrives in general at the neighborhoods of on June 29th.

Urban structure

Government and policy

Contrary to the other territories of the Indian Union, the territory of Delhi has its clean legislative Assemblée, a Gouverneur, a the Council of Ministers and a Prime Minister named by the president of the India. The other Ministers for the territory are named by the president on the council of the Prime Minister. The seats of the legislative Assemblée are allotted by direct election starting from the territorial electoral colleges of the territory of Delhi, 70. Lok Sabha (the Room of the Indian Parliament) has 7 electoral colleges on the territory of Delhi. However, the government of the Indian Union and the government of the territory of Delhi jointly manage the Nouvelle Delhi which is at the same time the seat of the territorial government of Delhi and the government of India. The Indian Parliament, Rashtrapati Bhavan (presidential palace) and the Supreme court of India are located at New Delhi. Delhi was for a long time the bastion of the Indian National Congress , political party also known under the name of Congress Party (Parti the Congress), but in the years 1990, the party Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led by Madan Lal Khurana, for the first time, détrôné the party of the congress which, in 1998 with Sheila Dikshit, takes again its fortified town at the time of elections of state. The current Gouverneur is, since June 9th, 2004, B.L. Joshi.

Economy

With a domestic of 830,85 billion rupees (INR) for the year 2004-2005 Produces (that is to say approximately 14,5 billion euro), Delhi has a dominating place in the Asian southern trade. Average revenue of the inhabitants of Delhi east of: 53976 INR, is approximately 2,5 times higher than the national average. The Tertiary sector contributes to 70,95% with the domestic Produit, followed by the sectors secondary and primary with respective contributions of 25,20% and 3,85%. (figures of 2001)
The inhabitants of Delhi having an employment constitute 32,82% of the population, that is to say an increase of 52,52% between 1991 and 2001. The Unemployment rate in Delhi fell of 12,27% in 2000 to 4,63% in 2003. The number of public employee of the sectors and semi-public was assembled to: 620000 in 2001.
The sector of the services knows an exponential growth because of the number of anglophone inhabitants qualified, which attracts good number of multinationals: information technologies, telecommunication, hotels, banks, mediae, tourism…
The industry of Delhi east also in full expansion; many companies manufacturing of the consumer goods established production units even them Head office in and around Delhi. The size of the market of consumption of Delhi associated with the facility to find of the qualified personnel attracts foreign investors more and more. In 2001, the sector of industry employed 1,44 million people divided on: 129000 factories. Construction, energy, telecommunication, health, services and real estate are the most dynamic sectors of the saving in Delhi. The Retail business is one of the sectors which grow most quickly in India.

Public service

water

The distribution of water in Delhi is managed by Delhi Jal Board (DBJ). In 2006, the DBJ distributed 2,95 million m ³ of water per day on a total consumption estimated at 4,37 million m ³ per day. The remainder of the provisioning is made by the drillings public and deprived like by the manual pumps. With 1,09 million m ³ per day, the Bhakra-Nangal stopping is the first source of supply for the DBJ, followed by the Yamuna and the Gange. With the fall of the level of water and the increase in its population, Delhi must face many water shortages.

waste

Delhi produces each day: 8000 ton S of solid waste stored in three discharges by the MCD. The daily worn water rejection is of 2,45 million m ³ per day, including 13% of industrial origin. Most of the sewers flow directly in the Yamuna without preliminary treatment of water.

electricity

Electricity consumption per capita of Delhi east of approximately 1265 kWh but the request is higher than production capacity, and Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) in load of the distribution of electricity and incompetent to answer the increasing demand, is seen obliged to borrow energy from the network of the areas of the north of India (India' S Nothern Region Grid). Each year, in particular during the hot period, when the energy demand is with its maximum, Delhi must face breakdowns total or partial of the network. Several industrial sites of Delhi are connected to private electric generators to be able to satisfy their energy needs. A few years ago, the electric distribution was opened with competition. The two groups currently distributing electricity to Delhi are Tata and Reliance Energy.

telecommunications

The government enterprise Mahangar Telephones Nigam Limited (MTNL) and some private companies like Hutch, Airtel, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular and Reliance Infocomm provides to Delhi a powerful phone network. The cover for the cellphones is very wide and the two services: GSM and CDMA is available. The high speed Internet extends in the city.

others

Delhi has 43 fire stations managed by the fire protection organization of Delhi which intervenes on approximately: 15000 alarms per annum.

Demography

Many ethnicities and cultural are represented in Delhi, which in fact a cosmopolitan city. Sit of the political power and center of trade, the city attracts the workers of all the areas of the India, thus increasing diversity. Being a diplomatic center, represented by embassies of 160 countries, Delhi also has a large population expatriate.

According to the last census going back to 2001, the population of Delhi was of: 13782976. The corresponding Population density was: 9294 people per km ², with a report/ratio of sex of 821 women for 1000 men, and a rate of Elimination of illiteracy of 81,82%. In 2003, the population of the national territory of Delhi was estimated at 14,1 million people, allotting the place of second greater metropolitan zone in India after Mumbai. This figure included them: 295000 people living with New Delhi and them: 125000 of the quartering of Delhi. In 2004, the estimated population had climbed until: 15279000. The same year, the Birth rate, of mortality and Infant mortality were respectively of 20,03,5,59 and 13,08 per 1000 inhabitants. According to a study of 1999-2000, the number of people living below the poverty line in Delhi was of: 1149000 (either 8,23% of the total population). In 2001, the population of Delhi increased: 275000 because of the migration in addition to the increase of: 215000 due to the normal growth of the population. The high rate of the number of migrants made of the Delhi growth one of fastest in the world. From here 2015, one expects that Delhi is the third greater agglomeration in the world after Tokyo and Mumbai.

The Hindouisme is the religion of 82% of the population of Delhi. There are also great communities of Musulman S (11,7%), of Sikh S (4,0%), of Jaïn S (1,1%) and of Christian (0,9%) in the city as well as other minorities including the Bouddhiste S and the Juif S. The Hindi is the principal language of the city. The other languages usually spoken in the city are English, the Punjabi and the Urdu. English is one of the two official languages with the Hindi, and the Punjabi and the Urdu are secondary official languages. Linguistic groups of all India are well represented in the city; among them we can note the Maithili, Tamoul, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali and Marathi. The Penjabis, Gujjar S and Jat S are the three greater ethnic communities in the city.

In 2005, Delhi obtained the highest percentage (16,2%) of the crimes brought back among the 35 cities in India from which the population exceeds a million inhabitants. The city also has the highest rates of the country concerning the crimes against the women (27,6 compared with the national average rate of 14,1 for: 100000) and against the children (6,5 compared with the national average of 1,4 for: 100000)

Transport

Culture

Structure

The culture of Delhi was influenced a long time by its long history and the fact that it is the capital of the India. This is largely illustrated by the many monuments dispersed in the city. The Archaeological Inspection of India recognizes 175 monuments in Delhi like national heritage. The old city is the site where the governors moghols and the sultans Turkish built several architectural wonders like largest Mosquée of India: Jama Masjid and the Strong Red. Two sites classified in the World heritage are located at Delhi, it acts of the Qûtb Minâr, a Minaret out of brick and tomb of Humâyûn. Other monuments as the Door of India, Jantar Mantar (an astronomical observatory of the 18th century), Purana Qila (a fortress of the 16th century), the temple of the Lotus, the Laxminarayan temple and the Akshardham temple are examples of more modern architecture. Certain houses of New Delhi, the buildings of the government and the residences official point out to colonial architecture British. The tomb of Safdarjung is an example of garden of style moghol.

Festivals

The fact that Delhi is associated with the capital New Delhi amplified in the city the importance of the national events like the National Day, the Day of Independence or Gandhi Jayanti, the birthday of Gandhi which is celebrated with great enthusiasm in Delhi. The Day of the Independence, on August 15th, the Prime Minister of India applies to the nation of then the Fort Red. The majority of the inhabitants of Delhi celebrate the day while making fly of the kites, considered as symbol of freedom. The parade of the National Day (Hindi: Gantantra Divas) which takes place on January 26th since 1950 is the occasion for the state to show its military power. The religious festivals are numerous: Diwali (festival of the light), Durgā pūjā, Holî (festival of the colors or vernal equinox), Lohri, Maha Shivaratri, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha and Buddha Jayanti. Qûtb festival is a cultural event during which musicians and dancers of all India are on scene all the night in front of famous the Qûtb Minâr. Other events like the festival of kite, the international festival of the mango (two days festival existing since 1987) and Vasant Panchami (festival of the summer) are held each year in Delhi.

Gastronomy

Traditional markets

Historically, Delhi always remained a center of important trade of the north of the India. The old part of the city still keep traces of the rich person period moghole whom one can notice while sauntering in the lanes of the old city among many the Bazar S. In the old markets of the old city, one can find a whole range eclectic of products various and varied: mangos cooked with oil with various the pickles (condiment containing vegetables and spices macerated in vinegar) while passing by the grass decoctions of all the colors and the silver jewels. One finds there also clothing of wedding, fabric, spices and pastry makings. Some of the old men Haveli S majestic (kind of residential small palace) are always in the old city. Chandni Chowk, three centuries an old market, is one of the most popular places to make purchases, in particular for the jewels and the Sari S. Craft industry of Delhi, one can note the Zardozi , an embroidery made with gold wire as well as the Meenakari , the work of the enamels. Dilli Haat, Hauz Khas and Pragati Maidan propose a variety of Indian traditional craft industry. However, one says that the city loses its own identity and that its sociocultural heritage is transformed into an indefinite mixture of cultures, because of the massive immigration of the Indians of all the country.

Education

The schools and the establishments of higher learning of Delhi are managed by the Management of Education, the government of the territory of Delhi, or the private organizations. In 2004-2005, there was: 2515 average elementary schools, 635 schools, 504 colleges and: 1208 colleges in Delhi. The same year, the establishments of higher education of the city counted 165 schools, among which five schools of medical sciences and eight schools of technologies, five universities: the university of Delhi, the university Jawaharlal Nehru, the university Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha, the university Jamia Millia Islamia and the public national university Indira Gandhi like 9 other establishments considered as universities.

The private schools of Delhi - which use English or the Hindi as language of instruction - are affiliated with one of two bodies of administration: the Indian certificate of the studies secondary (ICSE) or the central council for the studies secondary (CBSE). In 2004-2005, approximately 1,53 million pupils was registered in the elementary schools, 0,82 million in the colleges and 0,67 million in the colleges of Delhi. The female population coed accounts for 49% of the inscriptions. In 2004, the government of Delhi spent between 1,58% and 1,95% of interior sound Produit gross for education.

The Indian education system follows a diagram 10+2+3+2 contrary to the French system 5+4+3+3+2. After having finished the 10 years phase which corresponds to our level of second in France, the students choose to direct their studies for the two years which follow (which corresponds to the first and final in the French model). These two years are exempted in universities juniors or certain universities. Specializations are: letters, trade, sciences and the vocational training which remains in withdrawal. Those which choose to continue then prepare a license in university or a professional License in the fields of the right, medicine or technologies. The institutes of reputation which exempt higher learning in Delhi are: the Indian institute of medical sciences, the Indian institute of technologies of Delhi, the Indian institute of trade extrior, the school of the economic scenes of Delhi, the business school Shri RAM, the school for women Shri RAM, the institute of technologies Netaji Subhas, the school of engineering of Delhi and the school St Stephen.

Media

Television

As a capital of India, New Delhi is the center of the political report as well as regular television programs of the sessions of the Indian Parlement. Many national agencies of media, like the government enterprise Close Trust off India , are based in the city. The television channels available in the city include two free terrestrial channels offered by Doordarshan , and several channels cables in Hindi, English and regional languages offered by various operators. The Satellite television sees its number subscribed to grow quickly in the city.

Written press

The written press keeps its dominant place for the popular news. During the year 2004-2005, 1029 newspapers in 13 languages were published in the city, of which about half (492) in Hindi such as for example: the Dainik Hindustan , the Punjab Kesri , the Dainik Jagran , the Dainik Bhaskar and the Navbharat Times . Among the English newspapers The Hindustan Times , with more than one million daily specimens is the daily newspaper more distributed. The other principal English newspapers are: the Indian Express train , the Times off India , The Hindu , The Pioner and the Old Asian .

Radio

The radio is one of the least popular media of mass in Delhi although the radio FM gained ground since the inauguration of several new channels of FM in 2006. A certain number of radio stations public and private emit in Delhi among which we can quote Radio Mirchi, Gyan Vani Radio City and AIR (All India Radio).

Sports

As in the remainder of India, the Cricket is a popular sport in Delhi. There are several grounds of Cricket (or maidans) dispersed in the city like the stage Feroz Shah Kotla, one of the oldest grounds of cricket in India where the international meetings of Cricket take place. The team of Cricket of Delhi represents the city in the trophy Ranji, a national championship of the first division played between various cities and states of India. Other sports such as the Field hockey, the Football, the Tennis, Golf, Badminton, Swimming, Karting and Table tennis are also popular in the city.

Sports equipment in Delhi includes the stage Jawharlal Nehru and the stage of interior Indira Gandhi. In the past, Delhi accommodated several national and international sports events, such as the first and ninth Jeux Panasiatiques. In the next years the city will accommodate the Plays of the the Commonwealth 2010, projected to be more the sporting great event ever held in the city, as well as the Jeux Panasiatiques in 2014 and the Olympic Games in 2016.

See too

New Delhi

Bonds

Interns

External

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