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The preparatory classes at the universities (CPGE) are classes of higher education generally located in the Lycée S. Communément called classes prépas or prépas and for the majority public, they select on file and recommendations after the baccalaureat and prepare into 2 to 3 years the students with the Concours of admission of some business schools, some schools of engineers, National universities (ENS), National school of the charters and to a certain extent Instituts of political studies. 74  800 students are registered in preparatory classes at the universities for the academic year 2005-2006.

History

The preparatory classes appear dice the XVIIIe century. Initially, they are exclusively scientists. It is necessary to wait the XXe century to see appearing the literary preparatory classes, then finally the economic preparatory classes.

The appearance of the first preparatory classes is explained by the installation of the first contests, intended for recruitment in the weapons requiring of the scientific knowledge (the Artillerie, for example). The first contest is founded by Vauban in 1692 (admission in the Genius). It is with an aim of preparing the candidates for these military contests that the first institutions, in great majority private, make their appearance.

For the origin, it was necessary to justify of a noble ascent to contribute. After the French revolution, these selection criteria is removed. The ambition of the Republic to open all the stations with all the citizens with for only selection criteria their competences, finds his result in the creation of the Polytechnic school. The old institutions of preparation to the contests of the Ancien Mode do not survive the Revolution. In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte creates the colleges, equipped each one with a " classify mathematics transcendantes". In 1809, the 6th year of college becomes the class of special Mathématiques ". In 1814 it is the final class of philosophy which contains the teaching of mathematics, then appears in 1821 a second year of philosophy which contains more thorough lesson of mathematics which is entitled " again; mathematics spéciales" in 1840. The arts baccalaureat having passed at the end of the first year of philosophy, this one, and even less the science baccalaureat of a higher level, not being obligatory for the admission with the contest of the special schools, the pupils thus follow the courses of special mathematics primarily to prepare the entrance examination at the Polytechnic school by neglecting the traditional studies.

It is in 1852 qu ' is officially created a class of special mathematics posterior to the secondary course, and in only fifteen colleges, dedicated to the preparation of the entrance examinations at the Polytechnic school and the Teacher training school section sciences. The program of this class becomes at the same time the official program of these contests and the baccalaureat be-sciences becomes a prérequis for the admission. The class of logic (final) also prepares with the entrance examination at the military academy, the forest school and the naval college.

The premises of the literary Preparatory classes are made at the end it XIXe century in order to prepare the pupils with the contest of the National university. Initially, the preparation of these contests was done in the classes of rhetoric of the colleges, after the baccalaureat of philosophy. In 1880, some colleges exclusively open classes of rhetoric higher preparing than the contest of the National university. The majority of these classes are subdivisions of the class of rhetoric of the college and are seldom autonomous. At the beginning of the XXe Louis-the-Large one and Henri IV replace their class of rhethoric higher by the year of Hypokhâgne and Khâgne. Consequently, the literary preparatory classes enjoy a great reputation but start to weigh from a numerical point of view that as from the years 1960.

Lastly, the economic preparatory classes appear only in the years 1970.

CPGE nowadays

The competitions for A-grade officials evolved/moved much, would be this only because the number of schools of engineers or trade increased considerably.

In 2006, one counted more than 180 schools in scientific matter. The National colleges of business are they 56.

38.000 students enter in preparatory class per annum, 28.000 are allowed in a school, 2000 join a school post-vat, 7200 join the university including 5600 in license and 1600 HAD about it (IUT). In 2005, the Minister of education main road spent 13560 euros per student in preparatory classes at the universities against 7210 euros per student in university (except IUT).

If the contests of the most prestigious schools remain very selective, few candidates at least do not obtain a place with a contest. With regard to the scientific contests in 2006: 18552 candidates were classified on: 23282. : 17460 were called, which means that one offered to them a place in a school at the conclusion of the contest. : 13906 accepted it, the others generally preferring to remake a year of prépa to try to obtain a school being appropriate to them better or to continue their studies at the university. Lastly: 1433 places did not find taking.

The system of the universities and the CPGE is currently under development in China with the Central École of Beijing.

Dies

Economic and commercial die

See also: economic and commercial Preparatory classes

The economic and commercial CPGE - called “prépa HEC” or “spice” in school Slang - prepares with the contests of the Universities of management, trade and management. It is declined in scientific way (in the past “general way”), economic way and technological way. There does not exist specific preparation for the arts persons, but the contests of the schools are open for them through the tests which they pass in their own die.

Here some precise details on the three principal ways in prépa HEC:

  • the way scientific, majority, intended for the pupils resulting from scientific baccalaureats.
  • the economic way, intended for the pupils resulting mainly from economic baccalaureats.
  • the technological way, intended for the pupils resulting from baccalaureats STG.
  • There exist two other ways which are in fact the two preparatory classes with ENS Cachan. The Preparatory classes economy right and management, D1 section and the section D2 (economy/management) prepare with specific contests: those respectively of the department economy-right and the department economy-management of the ENS Cachan, but also make it possible to present a broad range of business schools.

For the scientific way, the material taught and present at the written tests are mathematics, the history-geography and the geopolitics of the contemporary world, the general culture (through philosophy and of French), the living languages (two, of which English) and the summary of text. The economy is an option, and cannot be last with the contests. In the economic way, the economic and historical analysis of the contemporary companies (AEHSC) replaces the history-geography and geopolitics, and in the technological way, it is of a test of economy, and a test of management and right.

With the oral examination, all the schools make pass two tests of languages and a maintenance (except for HEC on this last point). The ESCP-EAP makes pass a test of mathematics for the scientific way and economic and historical analysis for the economic way. HEC makes pass a test of general culture, “face to face” (between the candidates) of aptitude for management, a test of mathematics, to which are added a test of economic and historical analysis for the economic way, and a test of geographical history in the scientific way.

Literary die

See also: literary Preparatory classes

The literary die prepares with the national universities, national colleges of business and of management, political institutes of studies, and with the National school of the charters, inter alia. The first year names officially higher letters (hypokhâgne in school slang) and the second year first higher (Khâgne).

Legal die

The preparatory class at the National university of Cachan, option D1 (ENS Cachan).

Scientific sector

See also: scientific Preparatory class

The scientific sector, known as mole for the math students, the physicists and the chemists in school slang (because like the particularly short-sighted animal, the pupils, the “taupins”, are not supposed to often see light of day; another explanation is that the mole prepares with " Undermine Paris") and agro for the biologists, prepares with the schools of engineers, national universities and national schools veterinary surgeons. It is composed mainly of the following classes, in first then in second year:

First year

See also: Mathematical higher

  • MPSI : Mathematics physics and engineerings. Principal matters: Mathematical and Physical.
  • PCSI : Physics chemistry and engineerings. Principal matters: cf MPSI, with a little less Mathematical , but more Physical and of Chemistry.
  • PTSI : Physics technology and engineerings. Section with as much of Engineerings ( IF ) that mathematics and physical sciences.
  • TSI : Industrial technology and sciences. Accessible after a baccalaureat technological STI or STL.
  • BCPST : Physical biology chemistry and sciences of the Earth.
  • TB: Technology and biology. Accessible after a baccalaureat technological STL BGB or STAV.

At the end of the first quarter, in December, the majority of the pupils must choose their die. For the PCSI, choice, PC or PSI, is then final. The classes then are really divided into 2: option Chimie (futures PC) where IF is removed, and option IF (future PSI) where IF are obviously maintained, but the chemistry, reduced (in smaller quantity; more than 4:00 of TP/cours every two weeks). For the PTSI, the choice is Pt or PSI. For the MPSI, is MPSI without option (which implies the passage in section MP the following year), that is to say data-processing MP option (which removes IF and adds hours of data processing, with the same constraint: to go in MP the following year), is MPSI option IF (what adds two hours of SO to arrive four, and which leaves the choice between PSI or MP the following year). All the colleges do not propose however all these options. Some do not offer in particular a data-processing option to the pupils of MPSI.

In school slang, the pupils of first year are called the freshers , 1/2 or “sups” (varies according to the preparatory classes), and their classes are sometimes known under the name of HX : this name is an abbreviation of the word hypotaupe, which dates from the time when the mole was called class of X, in homage to the Polytechnic school and mathematics.

Second year

See also: Mathematical special

  • MP : Dominant maths
  • : Dominant physics and chemistry
  • PSI: Dominant physics and engineerings (10h of maths, 7:30 of physics of which 1:00 of TP, 2:30 of chemistry of which 1:00 of TP, 4:00 of IF of which 2:00 of TP)
  • Pt: Dominant engineerings
  • BCPST: second year.
  • TB: second year.
  • TSI : second year.
  • ATS (Adaptation high-level technicien): 1 year after a BTS or HAD

In second year, there exist classes “stars”, in the past classes “premiums”: MP*, PC*, PSI* and PT*, in which is taught the same program as in MP, PC, PSI and Pt but with a deepening (and some goings beyond of program). These classes prepare more specifically with the contest of the Polytechnic school and the National universities.

In school slang the pupils of second year are called the “spés” “squares” or (BCPST) or 3/2 (dies MP, PC, PSI) whereas redoubling them of 2nd year are the “cubes” or 5/2 (idem) (see this paragraph of the article on the Polytechnic school to know the origin of it).

Preparation with the contests

Whatever the die, these preparatory classes, as their name indicates it, prepare the students with the passage of the entrance examinations of the universities of trade, of engineer, national universities, military academies… (see the part emerged)

The pupils thus follow an intensive teaching (the nickname of the scientific prépa summarizes this fact well) and rather theoretical (especially out of scientific sector compared with other dies non-prépa). In addition to directed work (TD) and the duties at the house (DM), they prepare with the written part of the contests by undergoing many supervised duties (DS) which can be statements of contest, entireties or not (in this case they can be a panel of exercises or problems various contests). Pupils prepare also with part oral of contest, thanks to interrogations oral ( adhesives or Khôlles in school Argot) whose inspectors are gluers , which can be recruited among the professors of preparatory classes or secondary of the establishment (including these even of the pupils) or of close establishment, among the former students of the establishment having integrated, or can still be academics or many students of the university.

Outlets

Economic and commercial CPGE

At the conclusion of the two years of formation, many schools recruit on contest or are gathered in common banks:
  • common Bank of tests (gathering at least 32 schools of which HEC, ESSEC, ESCP-EAP)
  • Ecricome (7 schools, only for the pupils of the economic and commercial die)

Literary CPGE

  • Universities

    • ENS Letters and Social sciences in Lyon (ex-Fontenay-St-Cloud) and ENS Ulm (street of Ulm to Paris): history, geography, philosophy, letters traditional or modern, languages and music.
    • Business schools (HEC, ESSEC, etc) which open from now on their doors with khâgneux in first year.
    • Saint-Cyr military school, contest letters. One often prepares it in prépas colleges of defense, the cornices , as in Aix-en-Provence.
    • National school of the charters, to become archivist paleographer.
    • Schools of journalism (IFJ, etc)
    • political Institutes of studies (IEP, known as “Science-Po”). Many establishments propose an option to prepare with these contests, and one can be allowed there at the end of the hypokhâgne.
    • Two schools of engineers: ENSAE and the ENSAI for the khâgnes with economic option, known as “B/L”
    • Certaines CPGE also prepare with the ENS Cachan it is the case of Bessieres and Turgot which are famous most selective but there also exists about it of different more accessible like Marie Curie. There the high ones follow courses of right and economy.
  • University: the pupils of the classes prépas are generally registered simultaneously with the Université ( into cumulative ). That offers to them an alternative in the event of abandonment in the course of road, and an equivalence at the end of the first year then the DEUG enables them to obtain, which then makes it possible to join a license with the Université. Equivalences are delivered after opinion of the staff meeting, and subject to agreement of the university. There exist often the conventions passed between the establishment of the CPGE and the university. The choice of the discipline in university is often done in the continuity of the speciality chosen in Khâgne (history-geography, letters, languages, philosophy,…). In certain cases, the university can require of the student to pass the examination of modules of DEUG to have access to the license. The majority of the literary pupils of CPGE join the university, which is explained by the low number of accessible schools.

Scientific CPGE

These classes prepare in two even three years (put aside the die ATS which prepares in 1 year) with recruitment competitions of the scientific universities. These schools are divided into various contests, certain schools being put in banks of notes of a contest, i.e. the inscription at these schools is optional, generally paying, and that this one apply their own scale with respect to the notes obtained to the various tests.

In 2006,23 282 candidates were registered with the entrance examinations at the scientific universities.

  • For the traditional dies MP, PC and PSI. , the schools are distributed according to:

    • the contest of the National universities (ENS). It gives access the 3 national universities (Ulm, Lyon and Cachan). It is twinned with the assistance of the Polytechnic school out of die PSI.
    • the contest of the Polytechnic school: allows to integrate the Polytechnic school. It is twinned with the assistance of ESPCI out of die PC.
    • the common Contest Mine-Bridges.
    • the common Contest Power station-Supélec.
    • the polytechnic common Contests (CPC).
    • the Contest E3A (for Ensam, Estp, Euclide, and Archimedes)
    • military academies
      • ESM Saint-Cyr military school
      • Naval college
      • Flying school
      • EOGN (School of the officers of the national police)
      • 3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of the engineers of the studies and techniques of armament (ENSIETA)

  • For the die TSI (for this die, the regroupings of schools are different from those indicated above).

    • the polytechnic common Contests (ENS Cachan, Ensi, Ismea,…).
    • the common Contest Power station-Supélec (Central Schools, Supélec, Ensam,…).

  • For the die ATS

    • Contest ATS. contest reserved exclusively to the pupils of this die.
    • Bank of tests DUT-BTS. contest accessible to the pupils in 2nd year from BTS or HAD or already holders of these diplomas.

  • For the die BCPST:

    • agronomic Contests and veterinary surgeons
    • Bank of tests Geology Water and Environment

to also see Schools of engineers in France.

Classification of the Preparatory classes

There does not exist official classification of the preparatory classes. Certain newspapers publish each year a classification based on certain statistics, sometimes but one reproaches these newspapers for not taking into account the totality of the data (omission of certain schools, for example) or for balancing the statistics so as to favor a preparatory class rather than another.

Two types of classifications can be published: classifications on the basis of of the results to the contests prepared by these classes and classifications evaluating the selectivity at the entry of these classes.

Preparatory cycles integrated

Many schools (of engineer but also of trade) propose a system of " preparatory cycles intégrées" (often called " preparatory classes intégrées" by abuse language), i.e. an admission after the baccalaureat, and thus gives a training in 5 years. To note that very often these schools admit also pupil resulting from traditional preparatory classes.

One can quote in this case:

References

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