Deccan

The Deccan or Dekkan generally indicates vast a plate of the India, extending on the major part of central and southernmost India but sometimes also all the Indienne peninsula or certain political or administrative divisions.

Geography

Deccan is located at the south of the indo-gangetic Plaine, limited to the west by the Ghât S Western, Ghâts Eastern in the east, the Nîlgîri in the south and the chains of Satpura and Vindhya in north. The lowest altitude of the plate is approximately 500 Mr. It is mainly made up of old grounds, Basalte S, Trapp and sandstone.

Three large rivers drain with their affluents water of the plate, the Godâvarî in north, the Krishnâ in the center and the Kaveri in the south. However, in general, the rivers, boxed, do not irrigate the ground in a satisfactory way and cathogene.

The plate cover parts of several Indian States, the Maharashtra in north, the Chhattisgarh in the North-East, the Andhra Pradesh in the east, the Karnataka in the west, the part more méridonale extending in the Tamil Nadu. The most important city of Deccan is Hyderâbâd, the capital of the Andhra Pradesh. Among the other important cities, one counts Bangalore, the capital of the Karnataka, like Nagpur, Pune and Sholapur in Maharashtra.

The principal agricultural production of Deccan is the Coton, cultivated on the regur , of the black cotton soils of balsamic origin. One cultivates there also oleaginous seeds, Canne with sugar and Riz.

History

The plate is mainly populated by born populations Dravidien, Télougou S and Kannada S. One however finds enclaves Moslem, since the 14th century and of the indigenous population Bhîl and Gond in northern and north-eastern edge of the plate.

Between the middle of the 14th century and the beginning of the XVIIe developed an architectural style indo-Moslem called style of Deccan . In the same way, between the XVIe at the 18th century, a style of miniature opened out called Dekkanî in the Sultanats of Deccan.

Toponymy

Etymology

The Deroy-Mulon has an entry DEKKAN which returns at a entry DECCAN - In extenso : “ DECCAN or DEKKAN all the part of the India located at the south of the river Narmadā and the mounts Vindhya. In Sanskrit, language old of the populations of the indo-gangetic Flat , the Adjectival dakṣiṇas (in a remote way related with the Latin dexter one finds in [[French] Dextre ] and with the Greek dexios ) meant properly “located on the right”, but as one directed oneself then while turning oneself towards the East, daksiṇas to be corrected in '' dakṣiṇas '' also meant “located at the south, Southerner”. The south of the India was called Dakṣiṇāpathas “the way ( pathas ) located at right hand ( dakṣiṇā )”, or simply Dakṣiṇam . As an average Indian of more popular level, one finds a form more advanced dakhiṇa . It is Dakhiṇapathas which one finds Greek noted in Dakhinabadēs by the anonymous author of the Périple of the sea Érythrée towards 95-110 apr. J. - C. India of the South says more briefly also Dakhin , Dakkhin , Dakhan , Dakkhan according to the speeches. The use of these last forms extended in the Langues dravidiennes (one says, in Tamoul, Tekkaṇam ) and even out of the India (for example Tekan in Indonesia). It is thus with a very wide geographical use that the Portuguese navigators borrowed Decan from the 16th century employs the form '' [[: Pt: Decão|Decão] in Portuguese current], while the English, one century later, preferred the form Deccan . This one was for a long time the only used form in French, before being competed with by Dekkan at those which want to standardize the international geographical terminology. ”

In common Indo-European, the restored forms are: * deksinos , * deksiwos and * deksiteros .

In Sanskrit ण (in writing Devanāgarī) ṇ ( NR not subscribed in IAST) and ष (in writing Devanāgarī) ṣ ( S not subscribed in IAST) notes Consonnes rétroflexes (distinguished by a Point subscribed in the transcriptions in Latin alphabet most erudite); ṣ ( S not subscribed ) is marked “CH” by those which study Sanskrit and is often replaced by HS . The Adjectival दक्षिण (in writing Devanāgarī) dakṣiṇa- (transcription IAST in Latin alphabet) daks.in.a- (“typing” transcription) and the Toponyme दक्षिणापथ dakṣiṇāpatha- (the capital letters are normally not used in the transcriptions because they do not have an equivalent in Devanāgarī) daks.in.âpatha- (“typing” transcription) are often quoted with a final Hyphen when they are tiny room to their “topic” (without the uelle ending Cas स् - S of the Nominatif for example).

The dictionary (in English) of Monier Monier-Williams (1819 - 1899) can be consulted on line in the form of facsimile:

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, page 498 (page 465 on paper) (image scannée on SriPedia Initiative ): to see dakṣiṇa noted Dákshiṇa (with accent on the initial syllable: to see article vedic Stressing )

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, page 499 (page 466 on paper) (image scannée on SriPedia Initiative ): to see dakṣiṇā noted Dakshiṇā and its compound in - patha

More recent is the dictionary Sanskrit-French of Gerard Huet:

'' Héritage of the Sanskrit '' dictionary Sanskrit-French (428 pages, version of April 5th, 2007 consulted on line): to see the article दक्षिण dakṣiṇa . This dictionary attaches the Adjectif दक्षिण dakṣiṇa to the vedic verbal root दक्ष् dakṣ “to be useful, be able, be useful; to reinforce”; the utility is indeed the characteristic of the right Main.

“ Dakhiṇapathas ” is mentioned in chapters 50 and 51 of the Périple of the sea Érythrée (which is a text written in Greek):

50. Beyond Barygaza the adjacent coast extends in straight line from north in the south; and this is why this area is called Dachinabades, because dachanos in the language of the natives “southern” signifiie.

Dachinabades corresponds to the traditional transcriptions of the Greek towards the Latin and it goes in the same way for dachanos . The word δάχανος ( dákhanos : the initial syllable is accentuated; the final - bone is an adaptation to the Greek) is mentioned besides in the dictionaries of old Greek such that of A. Bailly, whose most recent editions even always allot the Périple of the sea Érythrée to Arrien.

In Hindî (official language of the central capacity of the Indian Union jointly with English) one writes डेक्कन in writing Devanāgarī, which transcribes dekkan , term derived from the Prâkrit dakkhin . For example the name of train is transcribed in Hindî.

In Marâthî one writes डेक्कन in Hindi just like but the pronunciation is then dakkan and one transcribed ḍakkan.

Deccan is called takkana in Tamoul and dakkana in Kannada.

In Urdu, language close to the Hindi one writes by noting simply the Consonne S ( D , K and N ).

In English

The form Deccan is used in English thus in India where English is the second official language for the whole of the Indian Union jointly with the Hindî.

One thus notes the name of the airline companies in [[Air Deccan]] and in Deccan Aviation, the trains named in [[: in: Deccan Odyssey Deccan Odyssey]] and in [[: in: Deccan Queen Deccan Queen]], as well as the titles of the newspapers in [[: in: The Deccan Chronicle The Deccan Chronicle]] and in [[: in: Deccan Herald Deccan Herald]] .

The Webster' New Geographical Dictionary for its part has moreover an entry Dekkan which returns at the entry Deccan : “in ''' DEC·edge ''' '' also '' ''' DEK·kan '''. in The peninsula off India S. off the Narmada to rivet; in more restricted judicious the tableland Study Bureau has. : {{Lang|in|between the Narmada to rivet and Krishna, comprising Maharashtra and shares off Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Mysore, and Orissa. }}” the Not median ( · ) indicates syllabic division useful to know in English typography; the phonetic notations deviate from the standards API.

In French

The obsolete French shapes

The Encyclopedia or reasoned Dictionary of sciences, arts and the trades published under the direction of Denis Diderot (volume fourth, Mr. DCC. LIV = 1754) devotes a short note to Décan : “DECAN, ( Géog. MOD. ) kingdom of the Indies in the preſque island in on this side Gange, at midday of the Mogol of which it eſt a province conſidérable. Hamenadagor [[Ahmadnâgar]?] in eſt the capital. ” It is noticed that the S long (ſ) is still employed and that Décan is famous to belong only to the modern Géographie .

The Grand universal Dictionary of the XIXe century of Pierre Larousse gives the high-speed motorboat to Decan (consulted volume printed in 1870) entered DEKAN or returning DEKHAN with DECAN, entry DEKKAN also returning to DECAN which contains information: “ DECAN , DECCAN , DEKAN , DEKKAN or DEKHAN , name given to a vast region of the hindoustanic peninsula, countered whose limits varied with the times. The word Sanscrit Dakchina , which one made Dekan or Decan , means properly southernmost right or , because while turning to the east, following the indication prescribed by the religious rites, midday is the point which one has towards his line, and which indeed this Presqu'île is at midday of India. This province was, says one, given by Varouna to Parasou- Râma, to reward it for the destruction which it had made of the caste of the Kchatriya S. Parasou-Râma made of it the homage to Casyapa to be divided with the Brahmanes. ”

In French of today: Deccan against Dekkan

In French, one finds today the two orthographies Deccan and Dekkan . One finds the two orthographies in certain dictionaries either with Deccan returning towards Dekkan , or with Dekkan returning towards Deccan . Other dictionaries and work uses only the C-W communication Deccan or more rarely only Dekkan.

For the three usual dictionaries, the Petit Larousse 2007 returns Dekkan towards Deccan while the the Petit Robert 2007 and the Dictionnaire Hatchet 2007 make the opposite…

The school works used in France seem to use only the form Deccan , which must reflect a choice carried out by the teaching body. The indianists choose in the same way Deccan even if Louis Frederic uses Dekkan in its Dictionnaire .

The orthography Deccan is used by several French official bodies like the embassy of France in India or the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

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