Darfur

Geography

Darfur covers a surface of approximately: 510000 km. Its population is estimated at 6 million inhabitants. Composed primarily of a arid plate, Mounts Marrah (Djebel Marra), of a ic chain Volcano culminating with: 3088 m, forming the center of the area. North is covered with a Désert of sand, whereas the south is covered with a Savane. The principal localities of the area are Al Fachir and Genaïna.

History

The area of Darfur can support an important population density with difficulty, except for the Mounts Marrah, and their neighborhoods. It is from there that various groups of populations were spread to control the area.

Kingdoms of Darfur

The Dajou S, inhabitants of Djebel Marra, seem to have been the group dominating in Darfur in the oldest accounts having arrived us. The duration of their period of domination is dubious, the known not very of them being the list of their sovereigns. According to the tradition, the Dajou dynasty was deposited, and the introduced Islam, around the 14th century, by the Toundjour (without certainty, undoubtedly of Arab origin ), which penetrated in Darfur by the Bornou and the Ouaddaï. First king Toundjour would be Ahmed el-Makour, which married the girl of the last Dajou monarch. Ahmed subjected many chiefs of tribes, and the country developed under its reign.

Its back grandson, the Dali sultan, always celebrated in the local legends, was of Four origin from his/her mother. It brought back the dynasty closer to the people than she directed. Dali divided the country into provinces, and establishes a penal code, which is always applied, under the name of delivers of Kitab Dali or delivers of Dali . He differs in various points from the traditional Koranic law. Its grandson Soleiman (generally distinguished by the qualifier Furnace Solon, Arab or red ) reigned of 1596 with 1637, and was a large warrior and convinced Musulman. He is regarded as the founder of the Dynastie Keira.

The grandson of Soleiman, Ahmed Bakr (approx. 1682 - approx. 1722), made Islam the religion of State, and prosperity increased some by encouraging the immigration of the Bornou and the Bagirmi. Its capacity extended from the the Nile to banks of the Atbara. The death of Bakr started a long war of succession. On its bed of death, Bakr decided that each one of his/her many sons would direct in his turn. Once on the throne, each one of its sons hoped to make of his/her own son the heir, that leading to an intermittent civil war which lasted until 1785 - 6. Following these internal divisions, Darfur lost importance, in conflict with the kingdoms of Sennar and Ouaddaï.

One of the most outstanding monarchs of this period was the Sultan Mohammed Terab, one of wire of Ahmed Bakr. It directed many victorious military forwardings. In 1785/6, it directed a campaign against the Foundj, but did not exceed Omdurman. It was stopped by the Nile, and could not make cross the river by its army. Refusing to give up its projects of conquest, Terab remained with Omdurman during months and its army started to disapprove its action. According to certain accounts, Terab was poisoned by his wife at the instigation of her generals, and the army went back to Darfur. Whereas it tried to make assemble his son on the throne, this one échut finally with his/her brother Abd Al-Rahman.

Abd-er-Rahman was called el-Rachid or the Juste. It was during its reign that Napoleon Bonaparte carried out his countryside in Egypt. In 1799 Abd-er-Rahman wrote to congratulate the French general for his victory over the Mamelouk S. Bonaparte answered him while requiring of the sultan to forward to him by the next caravan: 2000 slaves black of more than sixteen years, forts and vigorous. Abd-er-Rahman establishes also a new capital with Al Fachir, the royal city, in 1791 - 2. The preceding capital was Kobb.

Mohammed-el-Fadhl, his son, was a time under the control of a Eunuque, Mohammed Kourra, but made itself finally independent from there, and its reign lasted until in 1838, when he died of Lèpre. It was devoted to subject the tribes Arab S semi-indépendantes which lived in the country, of which the most known, the Rizeigat. In 1821, it lost the province of Kordofan, which was conquered in the year by the Égyptiens, Mehemet Ali having ordered the conquest of Sudan. Keira assembled an army, but they were overcome by the Egyptians close to Bara on August 19th, 1821. The Egyptians intended to conquer the totality of Darfur, but their difficulty of consolidating their positions on the area of the Nile force them to give up their project.

El-Fadhl died in 1838 and its third wire, Mohammed Hassan, was named as a successor. Hassan was known to be a religious and miserly man. In 1856, it became blind and for the remainder of her reign, his/her sister Zamzam, the Iiry bassi, was de facto leading kingdom.

At the beginning 1856, a businessman of Khartoum, Az-Zoubayr Rahman, started to carry out businesses in the south of Darfur. It installed a network of armed commercial counters and controlled a wide territory quickly. This area, known under the name of Bahr Al-Ghazal, was for a long time the source of goods which exploited Darfur himself towards the Egypt and the North Africa, in particular the Ivoire and the slaves. The inhabitants of Bahr el-Ghazal paid tribute in Darfur. These goods were the principal articles sold by the inhabitants of Darfur to the Egyptian merchants along the road towards Assiout. Az-Zoubayr redirected this flow of goods towards Khartoum and the Nile.

Hassan died in 1873 and the succession passed to his/her son junior Ibrahim, who was quickly committed in a war with az-Zoubayr. Az-Zoubayr, after a first conflict against the Egyptians, was combined with them and will coopéra for the conquest of Darfur. The war led to the destruction of the kingdom. Ibrahim was killed with the war with the autumn 1874, and his/her uncle Hassan Alla, who tried to maintain the independence of the country, was captured in 1875 by the troops of the Khedive, and was off-set with the Cairo with his family.

Egyptian domination

The inhabitants of Darfur were reticent with the Egyptian occupation. Several revolts were repressed, but in 1879, the Général Gordon (then Governor-General of the Sudan) suggested the handing-over on the throne of the former royal family. That was not done, and in 1881, the Bey Slatin (Sir Rudolf von Slatin) was indicated governor of the province. Slatin made the war against the troops of the Mahdi autoproclamé Mohammed Ahmad, which were directed by a sheik Rizeigat sheik called Madibbo, but it was obliged to go (December 1883), and Darfur was incorporated in the dominions of Mahdi. The inhabitants of Darfur found her way of controlling as unpleasant as what had been that of the Egyptians, and a constant resistance leads to the progressive withdrawal of the forces of Mahdi of the area. After the ousting of the successor of Mahdi with Omdurman in 1898, the new government anglo-Egyptian of Sudan recognized Ali Dinar in 1899, a grandson of Mohammed-el-Fadhl, like Sultan of Darfur, under term of payment of an annual tribute. Under Ali Dinar, who had been imprisoned in Omburman during the era of Mahdi, Darfur could enjoy one period of peace and a return to an effective independence.

British domination and independence

In 1916, during the First World War, Ali Dinar was combined with the Ottoman Empire and declared the war in Great Britain. The rebellion was subdued, the sultan was killed and the country incorporated in British Sudan. Darfur was integrated into the Republic of Sudan at the time of the independence of the country in 1956. After independence, Darfur was used as a basis for the Parti Oumma, directed by Sadiq Al-Mahdi. Into 1994, Darfur was divided into three Federal states within the Republic of Sudan: North ( Chamal ), South ( Janoub ), and West ( Gharb ) Darfur. The capital of North-Darfur east Al-Fachir, Nyala for South-Darfur and Al-Djounaïnah for Darfur

Darfur

Geography

History

Kingdoms of Darfur

Egyptian domination

British domination and independence

Political catastrophe of the beginning of the 21e century