For the architectural approach, to see Déconstructivisme

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The déconstruction is a method, even a school, contemporary Philosophie. This practice of textual analysis is employed to peel many writings (philosophy, literature, newspapers), in order to reveal their shifts and confusions of direction, by the means of a reading being focused on the implied postulates and the omissions revealed by the text itself.

This concept, taking part at the same time of philosophy and the literature, obtained a great notoriety in the United States, where it is compared to the postmodern Philosophie, and overall with the divergent approach of the continental Philosophie of Europe. If the term “déconstruction” were initially used by Heidegger, it is the work of Derrida which systematized the use of it and the practice theorized some.

History of the concept of déconstruction

The déconstruction at Heidegger

The term of déconstruction is the translation that Derrida proposes for the German term of Destruktion , that Heidegger employs in Être and Time ; Derrida considers this translation more relevant than the traditional translation by destruction , insofar as it is not a question so much, in the déconstruction of the Métaphysique, to reduce it to nothing, to show how it was built.

To Heidegger, in To be and time ( Center und Zeit ), the Destruktion relates to the concept of time; it must reveal by which successive stages the experiment of time was covered by metaphysics, making forget the originating direction to be it like being temporal. The three stages of this déconstruction are followed to wrong way of the history:

1. “the Kantian doctrines of the Schematism and time like preliminary stage of problems of temporality”;
2. “the ontological base of the cogito ergo sum of Descartes and the resumption of medieval ontology in the problems of LMBO cogitans ”;
3. “the treaty of Aristote over time as discrimen of the phenomenal base and the limits of the ancient ontology”.

However, if Heidegger announces this déconstruction at the end of the Introduction of Sein und Zeit (§ 8, p. 40 of the edition of reference), this part, which was to constitute, according to the plan of 1927, the second of the work, written forever as such. At most can one consider that other works or conferences recut it partially, to start with the work Kant and the problem of metaphysics , published in 1929.

The déconstruction at Derrida

By translating and recovering on its account the concept of déconstruction, Derrida heard that the significance of a given text (test, novel, article of newspaper) is the result of the difference between the words employed, rather than of the reference to the things which they represent; it is about an active difference, which works in hollow the direction of each word that she opposes, in a way similar to the differential Signification saussurienne in linguistics. To mark the active character of this difference (instead of the passive character of the difference relative to a contingent judgment of the subject), Derrida suggests the term of différance , kind of Mot-valise combining “difference” and the participle present of the verb “to differ”: “différ' a' NT”. In other words, the various significances of a text can be discovered by breaking up the structure of the language in which it is written.

The déconstruction wants to be neither a method, nor a philosophical system, but rather a practice. Its detractors often reproach him his alambiquées darkness or its formulas. The day of died of Derrida, NewYork Times, under the feather of Jonathan Kandell, titrated as follows: " an obscure theorist is mort". Little liked and paradoxically little known in France, where it remains attached to the figure of Derrida, it was the object of violent attacks, mainly in the United States where it flowers in the department of literature. Derrida answered, in a particularly aggressive way, with the critics of the American philosopher John Searle in his book " Limited Inc" (the title of the book is a pun on the name of the philosopher: " Inc." being approximate translation of the " SARL" Frenchwoman).

See too

• Déconstructivisme (architecture)

Thinkers influenced by the déconstruction

Jean-Luc Nancy, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Bernard Stiegler, Julia Kristeva, Helene Cixous, Avital Ronell, Richard Rorty, Edward Said, Paul de Man, François Nault, George Steiner

External bonds

• What the déconstruction? Jacques Derrida
• an article on the déconstruction of Derrida, review Public Direction

Simple: Deconstruction

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