Cycling on road

The Cyclisme on road is a consistent Sport to devote itself to a race with bicycle on a road, in opposition to the Cyclisme on track which remains confined with the oval of its track. Cycling on road is a very demanding sport which does not have any relationship with the Cyclotourisme, which practices sometimes the race mode.

Sport of team with individual classification, cycling on road is business of endurance and tactic. It is essential to know to be saved. For that, the cyclists protect themselves from the wind (in turn) while placing the ones derrières the others. They take turns thus to further go, and more quickly. A cyclist can for example preserve his forces during several hundred kilometers for a final sprint of a small hundred meters.

Tests

Cycling on road proposes four types of tests: the traditional ones, races with stages, the against-the-watch individual and the against-the-watch by team. There exists obviously an infinity of alternatives in these tests according to whether they are held on a very flat course like Paris-Turns, undulating, as in traditional of the Ardennes, the or mountainous ones, as in the alpine races.

It should be noted that only Eddy Merckx, Bernard Hinault and Felice Gimondi, in hundred years of reign of the Small Queen , achieved the exploit to gain the three national major Turns (Grande Boucle, Giro and Vuelta) as well as the Championnat of the world of cycling over road (Jacques Anquetil taking down only the second place with this last).

In addition, only the Belgian Eddy Merckx - in 1974 - and the Irishman Stephen Roche - in 1987 - succeeded in the exploit to gain the Tour de France, the Tour of Italy and the Championship of the world over road during the same season cyclist.

The traditional ones

The tests proceeding over only one day are often known as traditional , and belong to the races in line . Most prestigious are Milan-San Remo, Tour of Flandres, Paris-Roubaix, Liege-Bastogne-Liege and Tour of Lombardy, in particular (traditional chronological order during the season).

The Belgian Rik Van Looy is the only runner to have gained the whole of the traditional registered with the calendar of his time (except Bordeaux-Paris, concrete cases from its length and its portion behind derny), Eddy Merckx not finishing " que" 6th of Paris-Turns, but being the only runner to gain five traditional in only one season (1972).

Six runners made a success of the of the Ardennes weekend (doubled Walloon Flèche - Liege-Bastogne-Liege) : Ferdi Kubler (1951, 1952), Stan Ockers (1955), Eddy Merckx (1972), Argentinian Moreno (1991), Davide Rebellin (2004) and Alejandro Valverde (2006), the two first really obtaining it over a weekend, the four following at four days of interval as it is of use currently.

Last nine runners obtained at one week of interval the prestigious one doubled Tour of Flandres - Paris-Roubaix: Henri Suter (1923), Romain Gijssels (1932), Gaston Rebry (1934), Raymond Impanis (1954), Alfred de Bruyne (1957), Rik Van Looy (1962), Roger De Vlaeminck (1977), Peter Van Petegem (2003) and Tom Boonen (2005).

Italian Davide Rebellin carried out as for him a new triplet Amstel Gold Race - of the Ardennes weekend during the traditional of 2004 (three major tests in eight days).

Races with stages

The races running themselves over several days, and thus comprising several stages, are races with stages. The Tour de France, the Turn of Italy and the Turn of Spain, " Large Tours" , are most important. Times of each stage are added to give a general classification to time. Many these tests comprise additional classifications: points score (the place on arrival of a stage allots a number of points), classification of the mountain (each collar gives points), young people (less than 25 years, in general) or by team (one generally takes the times of three best on each stage).

Eddy Merckx is the only runner to have gained eleven editions of the three large national Turns (Bernard Hinault ten, Jacques Anquetil eight, Fausto Coppi, Miguel Indurain and Lance Armstrong seven, Alfredo Binda six, Felice Gimondi five…)

Succeeded doubled the Tour de France/Tour of Italy the same year: Eddy Merckx (three times), Fausto Coppi, Bernard Hinault and Miguel Indurain (twice), Jacques Anquetil, Stephen Rock and Marco Pantani (doubled Tour de France/Turn of Spain the same year: Jacques Anquetil and Bernard Hinault).

Bernard Hinault is the only runner to have succeeded in gaining the Grande Boucle , the Giro and the Vuelta as of his first participation.

Merckx moreover gained the championship of the world over road the same year as the Grande Boucle twice. Four runners to date were displaced of the first place of a large turn: Maurice Garin displaced of the Tour de France in 1904 (with the profit of Henri Horn), Angel Stream of the Turn of Spain in 1982 (with the profit of Marino Lejarreta), Roberto Heras for the turn of Spain 2005 (with the profit of the Russian Denis Menchov) and Floyd Landis on the Tour de France 2006 (with the profit of Pereiro Oscar).

The large turns are not only the stage races it exists stage races less large like the Turn of Switzerland, Dauphiné Libéré, the Turn of Romandie, Paris-Nice or the 4 days of Dunkirk.

The races against-the-watch

The races against-the-watch constitute the third big family of races on road. A championship of the world crowns, recently, the best cyclist of this type of test, while a large Turn always counts several stages run against the watch. Contrary to the races in line, traditional or races with stages, the time trials dispute as a recluse, with departures of runner of minute in minute for short distances (lower than 30 km) or of two in two or of three in three minutes for higher distances. The stages known as of prolog of the large turns are run often thus.

Another alternative of the race against-the-watch, the version by team. Each short grouped team, with a two minutes departure in two minutes, generally. One then takes time on the fourth or the fifth runner having crossed the line, according to the test. A large Turn generally counts a stage against-the-watch by team. Out Large Turns and championship of the World, the most prestigious time trial is the Grand Prix of the Nations which disputes with two runners. Jacques Anquetil raffolait some (nine victories, in front of Bernard Hinault five).

Sometimes the best wheelers (and rouleuses) attack the Record of the hour cyclist.

Historical reference marks

1868 : Foundation of the clubs of cycling of the Swift club of Paris, of the Véloce club rouennais and of the Véloce club of Rennes.
May 31st 1868: Cycle race in the alleys of Saint-Cloud organized by the Swift club of Paris. The British James Moore takes a lead in the 1.200 m of the course. According to many historians, it is the first cycle race of the history.
November 7th 1869: First cycle race city to city between Paris and Rouen (123 km; a hundred competitors at the beginning, 33 on arrival). The British James Moore gains the test by covering the distance in 10 hours and 45 minutes with a bicycle equipped with pedals fixed over the hub of the nose gear wheel. To note the mixed character of the test: “América Miss” finishes 29e with 12:10 of the winner! Other races city to city in the tread: London - Brighton in particular.
January 15th 1870: Foundation of the first Italian club of cycling: the Swift club fiorentino of the president Gustave Langlade.
1871 : Foundation of the first Dutch club of cycling: Deventer Velocipede Club.
1881 : Foundation of the velocipedic Union of France which gathers several Swift-clubs and which organizes the first edition of the Championship of France of cycling. The UVF codifies also practical and competitions.
1892 : Foundation of the international federation of cycling: International Cyclist Association (future UCI, since 1900).
February 1st, 1892: First number of the Parisian sporting magazine “the Bicycle”. This “daily newspaper of Vélocipédie” is in fact open to all the sports even if the Cyclisme is particularly privileged.
April 1896: Leon Flameng supplements the French raid with the Olympic Games in cycling (Paul Masson gains 3 gold medals over track) by removing the test of the 100 km on road. Creation of the team of cycling in Marseilles Excelsior Cycles Payan.
July 1903: First edition of the Tour de France supported by the daily newspaper “the Car” (ex- Car-Bicycle ). The competitor, the Bicycle does not recover from this innovation which launches perfectly the ancestor of “the Team”. the Bicycle cease its publication in November 1904.
yellow Ribbon in 1936: distinction created by Henri Desgrange to honor the runner holder with the speed records of the races of more than 200 km.
1945 : The velocipedic Union of France currently becomes the French federation of cycling, strong of more than 100.000 bachelors, with an average annual growth rate of 5%.

Chronology of appearance of the great male international road tests

Paris-Rouen 1869 (organized by illustrated Vélocipède ; the 2nd edition does not take place that in 1896 then became regular)
Paris-Brest-Paris 1891 - 1951 (organized by Pierre Giffard of the Petit Newspaper , it was the only decennial race; at the end of the 19th century, the cake Paris-Brest in the shape of wheel of bicycle was created in its homage. The ultimate edition of 1951 failed to be cancelled by the newspaper the Team… for lack of volunteers!)
Bordeaux-Paris 1891 - 1988 (created by the weekly magazine of Bordeaux Swift-Sport )
Liege-Bastogne-Liege 1892 (created by the club Liege Cyclist Union )
Paris-Brussels 1893 (known as the race of the two capitals , imagined by the Lucensky journalists and Minart of the Bicycle )
Milan-Turin 1894
Paris-Roubaix 1896 (created by two industrialists filatiers roubaisiens, Théo Vienna and Maurice Perez)
Paris-Turns 1896 (created by the weekly magazine Paris-Bicycle )
Olympic Games - road 1896
Rome-Naples-Rome 1902 - 1961 (known as Corsa XX Settembre of 1902 to 1934; then Grand Prix Ciclomotoristico of 1950 to 1961, inspired of French Bordeaux-Paris)
Paris-Valencians 1903 - 1960 (kind of small Paris-Roubaix)
Tour de France 1903 (imagined and founded by Géo Lefèvre and Henri Desgrange)
Tour of Lombardy 1905 (created by the first winner, Giovanni Gerbi, twenty years old)
Tour of Piedmont 1906 (was used a long time as local prelude to the Turn of Italy)
Milan-San Remo 1907 (known as will primavera It , created by Eugenio-Camillo Costamagna, director of the newspaper Gazetta dello Sport )
(Championship of France on road 1907)
Turn of Belgium 1908 - 1990; reappears in 2002
Tour of Italy 1909 (created by Eugenio-Camillo Costamagna directing of Gazetta dello Sport , and Emilio Colombo)
Tour of Emilie 1909
Genoa-Nice 1910 - 1975
Tour of Catalonia 1911
Tour of Flandres 1913 (created by Karel Van Wijnengaerde, of the weekly magazine Sportwereld )
Paris-Bourges 1913 (due to Albert Maillet, a tradesman of Bourges)
Grand Prix of Zurich 1914 (becomes the Championship from Zurich in 1999)
Championships of the world amateurs - road 1921 (current Hopes, -25 years)
Critérium of the Aces 1921 - 1990 (behind trainer, made following a Bordeaux-Paris-Bordeaux of 1920, longer test in line ever organized with more 1200km in 56 hours for the winner; becomes the Roue of Gold of the Aces in 1991, only one year)
Tour of the professional Pays Basque 1924
Championnat of the world of cycling on road 1927 (current Elite)
Tour of Portugal 1927
Tour of Poland 1928
Grand Prix of the Nations 1932 - 2003 (imagined by Gaston Benac and Albert Baker d' Isy, journalists with Paris-Evening )
Critérium International (called Critérium National until 1980) 1932
Paris-Nice 1933 (created by the journalist Albert Lejeune)
Turn of Switzerland 1933
Ghent-Wevelgem 1934 (created by Georges Matthys for the town of Wevelgem)
Paris-Camembert cheese 1934 (Trophy of the Lepetit Camembert cheese, given on arrival with Vimoutiers)
Turn of Spain 1935 (created by Lenient Lopez Doriga, director of the daily newspaper inhabitant of Madrid Informaciones )
Turn of Luxembourg 1935
Turn of Austria 1935 (amateurs) (becomes professional in 1996)
Walloon arrow 1936 (imagined by two journalists of Brussels, Albert Van Laethem and Paul Beving)
Turn of Oise 1936 become Turn of Picardy in 1999
Trophy Baracchi 1944 - 1991 (replaced in its formulation by the Grand Prix Eddy Merckx (ex- Paris-Brussels ), become since 1998 a clm of 2 team-members; had to the tradesman of Bergamo Mino Baracchi, in memory of his/her large father tiffosi cyclist)
(championships of France - road Hopes (- 25 years, ex-amateurs) 1945)
Loops of the Seine 1945 - 1973 (created by the journalist Georges Pagnoud and organized by Humanity )
Circuit of the Het Volk 1945 (the Het Volk is a Belgian newspaper of language Dutchwoman)
Dauphiné Libéré 1947 (imagined by Georges Cazeneuve, one of the founders of the newspaper, also father of the Six-Jours from Grenoble)
Turn of Romandie 1947 (due to the Swiss federation)
Turn of the Netherlands 1948 - 2004
Race of Peace (amateurs) 1948 (due to the federations Czechoslovakian, Polish and East-German; opened to the professionals in 1995)
Midi Libre 1949 (imagined by Jean Belon oyster and Maurice Bujon; current Turn of Languedoc-Roussillon since 2004)
Turn of Colombia 1951
Four days of Dunkirk 1955 (due to the newspaper the Voice of North ; in fact over five days)
Turn of the Future (amateurs) 1961 (Tower of the European Community of 1986 to 1990) (on an idea of Commercial Jacques, created by Jacques Goddet and Felix Lévitan)
Grand Prix of Frankfurt (Henninger Turm Frankfurt) 1962 (created by Mr. Huber, brewer)
Paris-Luxembourg 1963 - 1970
Turn of Cuba (amateurs) 1964
Catalan Week 1965
Amstel Gold Race 1966 (arranged by Hermann Krott and Tonne Vissers, agency organizing Dutchwoman of sports events Intersport , related to the breweries Amstel of Mr. Elink)
Tirreno-Adriatico 1966 (or race of the two Seas )
Mediterranean Turn 1974 (created by Lucien Aimar, said Mediterranean Trophy of 1974 to 1977)
Turn of the Bridge (former denominations: Red Zinger, then Turn of Texas (Coors Classic)) 1977
Turn of Germany, regular as from 1979
Classica San Sebastian 1981
Clasico RCN 1982 (initiated by the radio national Colombian)
Turn of Sweden 1982
Turn of Denmark 1983
Turn of Americas 1983 - 1990 (the idea of a large American turn of prestige on more than three weeks, competing of the three large European turns, is recurring on the other side of the Atlantic…)
Turn of Great Britain, regular as from 1987
Turn of the Poitou-Charentes 1987
Grand Prix of Americas 1988 - 1992 (Montreal, Quebec)
Wicanton Classic 1989 - 1992, International Leeds Classic 1993 - 1996, International Rochester Classic 1997 (Great Britain; successive names of this race of World cup)
Traditional of the Alps 1991 (created by the Company of the Tour de France )
Championship of the world of cycling on road - against-the-watch Elite 1994
Turn of China 1995 (only one edition)
(Championships of France of the against-the-watch 1995)
Olympic Games - Against-the-watch 1996
HEW Cyclassics Hamburg (Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke Hamburg Cup) 1996
Turn of Langkawi (of Malaysia) 1996
Turn of Japan 1996
Turn of Qatar 2002
Turn of New Zealand 2002
Turn of Queensland 2003
Turn of Georgia (the USA) 2003
Turn of the Benelux countries 2005
CLM by team of Eindhoven 2005

Kings of the small queen

Today

Yesterday

Classifications of end of season

The first annual classifications are establish by media or with advertizing objectives. Most famous of these classifications is “Pernod Super-Prestige”. From 1948 to 1958, Super-Prestige had a precursor, the “ Challenge Desgrange-Colombo ”, which entered nine, then ten, annual races distributed on three countries, and was organized jointly by the sporting daily newspapers " Équipe" (France), " It Gazetta dello Sport" (Italy), " Sports" (Wallonia) and " Sportwereld" (Flandres), in remembering the first two organizers of the Turns of France and Italy. It was created in October 1947. The Super-Prestige Pernod is semi-official Championnat of the World by points of the professional season cyclist on road, of 1959 with 1987. It is then replaced by the classification of the World cup cyclist (by annual points), whose first prize winner will be once again Sean Kelly in 1989. In 1958, the creator of Super-Prestige (and its French national derived classifications, Prestige Pernod (better French professional cyclist - also classified in the Challenge Yellow of the Company Sédis (*) before and after war) and the Pernod Challenge (for less than 25 years)) was certain Mr. Couvrard, advertizing chief of the Pernod company. The prohibition of publicity for alcohol in the French sport rang the knell of these three classifications… ((*) the company of mechanical drives Sédis only creates in 1931 a first annual Challenge by points of road French, become Challenge Yellow in 1946. The equivalents of Pernod Prestige were the Challenge Gan and the Challenge Swell of Gold , then the Sprint of Gold and the Vélo of Crystal among Belgians, the Trophée Gerrit Schulte at the Netherlanders)

By teams.

Female classifications

female Pernod Super-Prestige:

1985 : Jeannie Longo France
1986: Jeannie Longo France
1987: Jeannie Longo France

female Classification UCI:

2001 : Diana Ziliute Lithuania
2002: Mirjam Melchers Netherlands
2003: Susanne Ljungskog Sweden
2004: Mirjam Melchers Netherlands

female World cup:

The points are entered on 7 to 9 one day races, by year.

Organization of world cycling on road

Introduction of divisions (1997-2004)

With the opening of cycling out of Europe and the multiplication of the teams, the number of this one had become too large and their not very clear legibility. In 1997, the UCI thus decides to bring together the first twenty-two teams of Classification UCI by teams in one 1 division and the 41 following ones in one the 2nd division. The budgets of the teams of 1e division evolve/move of 1,2 (Scrigno - Gaerne, Ceramiche Refin - Mobiletta) to 6 million euros (Mapei - GB). The teams of the first division have a qualification of office the World cup proof and have generally priority for the greatest races. The system is half-closed: if only the 22 best teams of classification UCI are authorized to be registered in D1, this classification is made up by adding the points with the members of the team and is validated at the any end of the season: new teams having engaged very good runners can thus integrate D1 directly. Moreover, the UCI requires a minimal budget with the inscription in D1. Few changes in 1998: Riso Scotti - MG replaces Scrigno - Gaerne, relegated in the 2nd division, with 49 other teams.

In 1999, while in the elite Riso Scotti and Ballan are replaced by the new team Lampre and the former team of D2 Vini Caldirola, the number of team of the second division goes down again to 41 and the one third division, accommodating 17 teams, is created. This one accommodates the teams on financial criteria, and the only means for a GS3 of passing in GS2 is to increase its budget. In spite of this inflation, the internationalization of cycling remains weak since except seven American teams and a Colombian team, all the teams remain European. In 2000 Agricultural credit and Cantina Tollo are relegated in D2, Vinavil - Riso Scotti disappears. They are replaced in the elite by two old D2, Italian the Liquigas - Pata and Danish the Memorycard - Jack & Jones and the news and very ambitious team of Giancarlo Ferretti Fassa Bortolo. On this date, the budgets evolve/move between two (Memorycard - Jack & Jones) and seven million euros (Mapei), with a median of three million. The second division accommodates 49 formations, of which some rather important (Crédit Agricole, Cantina Tollo and Euskaltel - Euskadi above all). The teams of the third division are 24.

In 2001, AG 2R Prévoyance, the Frenchwoman of the Plays join the second division, Vitalicio Seguros, Polti and TEAM Farm Frites is withdrawn. They are replaced by Crédit Agricole, TEAM Coast, Euskaltel - Euskadi, Mercury - Viatel (second American team in the first division) and the new Belgian team Domo - Farm Frites. The second division totals 41 teams. the third strongly develops, with 33 formations, including one Canadian and two South-African are.

In 2002, new evolution, which precedes the ProTour system: the number of team GS1 is changed to thirty, which allows small teams like the Frenchwomen Big Mat - Auber 93 and Hello or the Milaneza Portuguese - ms to join the elite. However, in order not to complicate in addition to-measurement the task of the organizers of the great races, which cannot invite teams as many, a “Signal Club” is created, whose ten teams are selected of office to Traditional and the Large Turns. The eight following teams with classification UCI are they also selected office out of World cup, the selection of office in Large Turn relating to only the formations having gained the price with team over one of them. Liquigas and Festina disappears, and Mercury, having reduced its ambitions, turns over in the second division. This one falls to 32 members, following the widening of D1. The 44 teams of the third division confirm the success of this one. For the first time appear an Australian team there, iteamNOVA.com, and an Asian team, Taiwanese Giant Asia racing TEAM.

In 2003, the system perdure. Mapei and Domo disappear and three teams (whose Big Mat and Mercatone Uno) are relegated. Those are replaced by four small formations of D2 and especially a new team, partially built on the ruins of Domo and Mapei, Quick Step - Davitamon. D2 falls to 29 members. D3, on its side, is a real success, with 68 recorded teams, including four Japanese women, among which Shimano Racing, a HongKong ease (Marco Polo Cycling TEAM) and a new South-African team, Barloworld. In the same way in 2004. The first division grows rich by many small teams of D2 which are invited by no great test, D2 continues with reduced, with only 20 members, of which the vétérante Kelme, relegated for financial reasons. In parallel, D3, with 87 teams, have a inonésienne, continues its explosion.

The system thus starts to show in 2004 some failures: D1, plethoric, includes/understands many unknown teams of the general public and which do not interest the organizers, D2 is emptied while D3 shows the attractivity of cycling with small scales. The UCI thus decides to reform in-depth system.

Since 2005: the system Pro-Turn

See also: UCI ProTour, continental Circuit of cycling

In 2005, UCI sets up a new calendar of competitions reserved at the elite of cycling on road, which requires of the high level teams to take part in tests distributed over all the year within the “Circuit Pro-Turn”. Each test gives, according to its importance, a certain number of points and two classifications are carried out in parallel in order to indicate over the year the best runner and the best team. The twenty teams having the ProTour license can also take part in the races except ProTour, divided into three categories 1.HC/2.HC for most important (from old the 1.1 and 2.1 for the majority, 1.HC and 2.HC having integrated ProTour), 1.1/2.1 for old the 1.2/2.2 and 1.3/2.3 and 1.2/2.2 for old the 1.4/2.4 and 1.5/2.5. The teams and runners of ProTour however do not mark any point on these tests. This system was very criticized with its setting-up, and is still in 2007. Indeed, closed as well when the teams (the best continental teams cannot go up there for sporting reasons) only with the races (of the artificial races like the Tour of Poland or it against-the-watch of Eindhoven are found more important than races such as the Grand Prix of Frankfurt or Zurich), it makes above all precede the financial aspect: the budget of the largest teams borders the 13 million euros, that is to say the double of the largest budgets five years earlier. Moreover organizers of great races have obligation to invite twenty teams, which leaves a place rather restricted to the invitations. Lastly, no point being allotted to the runners in the least great races, the organizers have little hope to attract large runners, if it is not at the beginning of season when it is a question of preparing it.

On its side, ex-Division 2 is renamed “Continental Pro” and “Continental” ex-Division 3. Each team is registered on a circuit according to her continent of membership, in order to support the emergence of team on continents little touched by cycling, like Africa or Asia. Each continent has a circuit of particular races, leading to the end of the year on five distinct classifications (most prestigious being that of Europe Tower), by team, runner and nations. However any continental team can take part in any test of the continental Circuit of cycling, and a European racing cyclist can, technically, gain Asian Tour very well. However, in the facts, the circuits remain partitioned enough. Moreover, all the races of the calendar of the Pro-Turn deliver invitations of which profit one or more from continental teams the “Pro”. AG 2R Prévoyance was thus invited to dispute the Tour de France 2005, while the teams Acqua & Sapone, Panaria and Naturino were present on the Tirreno-Adriatico 2005.

The original intention posted by the UCI is to ensure a better legibility of cycling, and to support its universalization. At the beginning of 2005, the situation is contrasted. If the twenty teams of ProTour are indisputably those joining together the best runners, the continental circuits are dominated by Europe Tower, which joins together 21 of the 24 Continental teams “pro” and 79 of the 114 continental teams. Africa and Oceania do not have Continental team a “pro” and only four continental, South-African and Australian teams. There is no team of Central America or of the South except old the Selle Italia. However, of notable progress are carried out in Asia, with Continental indonésienne team a “Pro” (international Wismilak TEAM) and thirteen continental teams, including one Chinese, an Iranian woman, Malaysian, Filipino, a kazakhe and a qatarie.

In 2006, the team AG 2R Prévoyance replaces in ProTour the dissolved team Fassa Bortolo at the end of the season 2005. The continental circuit continues its development, with 26 teams (including 23 European) “continental Pro” and 125 continental teams (including 89 European). So in Africa the situation degrades, with only one team, South-African, recorded, America diversifies, with the appearance of two Mexican continental teams, of a Colombian and Oporto ricaine. One counts from now on four Australian continental teams, and always eleven Asian continental teams.

At the end of 2006, l´équipe Liberty Seguros, become Astana - Würth in the course of season, are withdrawn, like l´équipe Phonak. Astana only continues in cycling and Phonak is replaced by Unibet.com. On the continental circuits, some changes: an Australian team passes “Continental Pro”, Drapac Porsche development program, three teams Colombian and, innovation, two Brazilian teams appear. Europe however always dominates, with 22 of the 27 teams the “Continental ones Pro” and 94 of the 135 continental teams.

Coupe de France of cycling on road

The Coupe de France of Cyclisme on road is a test created in 1992. It disputes on about fifteen high level French tests throughout the season. The 15 first of each handle mark from 50 to 3 points. All the teams can take share there, but only the French teams, runners of the French teams, and the French of l´étranger are classified. The organizers of these tests, since l´apparition of the Pro Turn, often see in l obligation d´inviter teams of low level and have evil to attract the large formations of the group.

Doping prevention

Cycling is a sport very touched by the doping but also was first has to fight against this plague. C´est by far the first sport has to take important measures to run away itself, and also the sport carrying out the most controls antidopage. Often décrié, from its many " businesses " , it n´en is not less the sport which tries more to break general l hypocrisy.

Dependant on doping, the Surmortalité of the cyclists: an investigation of the Pasteur Institute shows that on the 677 French runners having taken part in the Tour de France between 1947 and 1998, one counts 77 deaths, that is to say a little more than 11%. Compared with average mortality, one belongs more and more to dead to the cyclists made around 61 years.

Notes and references of the article

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