The diversity Culture lle is the observation of the existence of different cultures, as the Biodiversité is the observation of the existence of biological diversity in nature.
It is often associated with the linguistic Diversité, which it includes.
Transformation of a fact of concept
For certain sociologists, it is a concept being used to describe the existence of different Culture S within a company, makes some inside a State-nation. Consequently, the cultural difference will be regarded as undesirable by holding of the Centralisme in State, in the name of its " values suprêmes" , i.e. a Ideology, preached by this same State.
Cultural diversity vs cultural uniformity
Cultural diversity and Cultural heritage
UNESCO took party for a “multi-cultural world company”.
The Universal declaration of UNESCO on cultural diversity of 2001 is regarded as a normative instrument grateful, for the first time, cultural diversity like " common heritage of the humanité" and regarding its safeguard as being a concrete requirement and ethical inseparable from the respect of human dignity.
Convention for the safeguard of the immaterial Cultural heritage ratified at June 20th 2007 by 78 State S precise:
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“This immaterial Cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is recreated permanently by the communities and groups according to their medium, of their interaction with the Nature and of their Histoire, and a feeling of Identité and continuity gets to them, thus contributing to promote the respect of the cultural diversity and the human creativity. ”
Pertaining to worship diversity was also taken again by the Déclaration of Montreal of 2007, like by the European Union.
The idea of a multi-cultural world company recovers several ideas, which are not exclusive. See Multiculturalisme.
In addition to the language, diversity can also include the religion or the traditional habit.
Defense or promotion of cultural diversity
The “defense of diversity Culturelle” can take several meanings:
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a rebalancing to be obtained: thus, the idea of defense of diversity Culturelle passes by the promotion of actions in favor of underprivileged “minorities Culturelle S”;
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the safeguarding of “Minority S Cultural S” threatened of disappearance;
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in other cases, one speaks about “protection Culturelle”, which returns to the concept of “cultural Exception”, which is especially used in France under the title “French Exception” (see low). That establishes the link between the social vision of the Culture and the commercial vision of its diffusion. The cultural Exception proposes a specificity of the productions and services Culturel S, specificity recognized inter alia by the European Union in its Déclaration on diversity Culture lle . Accordingly, the objective is to defend, against what is seen like a “Marchandisation” considered to be harmful, which incarnates a Culture, by supporting its development (by subsidies, by operations of Promotion); one also speaks, in the French case in particular, of cultural Protectionnisme.
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this defense can also return to a “defense of the rights Culturel S”, carried out, without success, at the beginning of the Années 1990 in Europe, in copy of the Human rights.
Cultural uniformity and cultural standardization
The diversity Culturelle is presented like the antithesis of the “cultural uniformity” which, it, does not exist in the facts.
On the other hand, the “standardization” is the current process, already engaged seems it, which would carry out towards this uniformity that some fear.
Indeed, some (thus UNESCO) fear this assumption of an evolution towards the standardization Culturelle. To support this thesis they put forward various aspects:
- disappearance many Langue S and Dialecte S, which relate to for example the Langue S of France, without Statut nor legal protection (Basque, Breton, Corsican, occitan, Catalan, Alsacien, Flemish, Poitevin-saintongeais, etc);
- the concern of populations as for the safeguard of their traditions as in New Zealand, coastal regions in Australia, in North America, country of Central America, DOM-TOM French);
- increase in Cultural preeminence of the the United States
Crossing of cultures
A minority thesis sees in the current evolution a crossing of the Culture S by a better access to each one.
France
Cultural diversity in France can have two distinct significances. It can be promoted like a rampart against an excessive cultural uniformity according to the Anglo-Saxon model. It can also cover a regional cultural diversity, by the defense of dialects and regional inheritances (diversity " intern").
Internal cultural diversity
Cultural diversity is a principle defended by France (in particular under the Chirac presidency) with the international plan.
However, on the internal plan, the French policy consisted, under IIIe and IVe République, to abolish cultural diversity (cf Histoire of the regional languages of France) in the name of a strongly today disputed republican Universalisme.
In spite of the Law Deixonne in 1951, Ve République remains insensitive with the question and does not do anything to preserve the languages historically spoken on its territory, which hardly have access neither to education nor with the media.
In the legal field, the ratification of the European Charte of the regional or minority languages did not lead to the Parliament. Constitutional measurements of protection of the regional or minority languages are refused.
International cultural diversity
On the international plan, one often spoke about French cultural exception. The historian Philippe Poirrier watch how much, since the beginning of the Years 1990, the concept of cultural Exception, become cultural diversity , was essential like new paradigm of the French Cultural policy. The international expert Mario d' Angelo as for him showed how within several international organizations (UNESCO, the Council of Europe, OIF - International organization of the Francophonie) the evolution of work and the analyzes led doctrines of the cultural exception to that of cultural diversity. Also let us note that the lawyer Serge Regourd underlines the limits of a too flexible concept to allow truly to safeguard the French model of cultural policy vis-a-vis the Néolibéralisme and with culture industries.
Belgium
One spoke about cultural oppression in connection with the situation which was that of Flemish at the beginning of the XXème century (for example, until 1930, the only language of teaching at the university was French).
The United States
The Culture is the first station of exploitation of the United States in 2004; they are often shown of “cultural Impérialisme”, against the idea of “diversity Culturelle”. Cultural diversity is inside thePlain ones where any language, belief, form of expression and life are not only possible, legal, but still protected by the Constitution. This famous cultural imperialism is only the easy and servile tender where there is no prohibition to use " courriel" for " email" , " clavardage" for " chat" , etc
This same year, a project of UNESCO aiming at “defending diversity Culturelle” is set up, but the the United States prefer that industry Culturelle is regulated by OMC. Several European observers show finger the United States and show them to want “déréglementer” by advance a sector which the first do not approach in commercial terms, but social-policies .
Morocco
With the Morocco, the debate on the exception and the Cultural diversity, born during the negotiations of the Uruguay Round, were lived in a very virtual way by the cultural and artistic world Moroccan, which did not fail to express a solidarity of principle with respect to the positions defended by the France and the Canada on the matter. Until the question, of distance ideological debate, does not invite in Morocco by taking in a few weeks a more concrete turning for the Moroccan diplomats and cultural actors at the time of the negotiations for the establishment of a Accord of free trade between Morocco and the United States (the agreement is consultable on the following sites: 1. , site of the Moroccan ministry of the foreign affairs (in French and English); 2. , site of the Office off the United States Trade Representative (in English); 3. (in French and English).).
Morocco had to express, as of the middle of the Nineties, within various international forums, a constant position in favor of the cultural diversity and, in a more general way, for the need for nonthe subordination of industries and cultural and artistic expressions to the laws of the market. Thus with OMC, the Moroccan minister Commercial had proclaimed in front of the 3rd Ministerial conference, behavior in Seattle in 1999, that Morocco was favorable to the concept of cultural diversity and that it was not “desirable to treat the culture like simple goods nor to give up it with logic uniformatrice of the market within OMC” (cf Declaration made by Mr. Alami Tazi, Moroccan minister Commercial and Industry on December 1st, 1999 in front of the 3rd Ministerial conference of OMC, behavior in Seattle, referred WT/MIN (99) /ST/29, (99-5227). ).
The negotiations between Morocco and the United States of America for the installation of a free exchange zone, started in the 2003 and concluded on March 2nd, 2004 in Washington, caused the birth of a coalition for Moroccan cultural diversity. Acknowledging its ignorance of the terms of the negotiation, the coalition held for person in charge the public authorities which surrounded these negotiations of a total black out. The coalition did not denounce the agreement so much, nor the American culture, but affirms to militate “to protect our identity among other distinct identities” and to guarantee the perpetuation of “the moral support and financial of the State to the development of the cultural asset in Morocco”.
The agreement does not approach a face the question of cultural diversity and the term “culture” is absent there. The Moroccan part issued reserves relative to contained disposals in chapter 11 on “the transborder trade of the services”. They relate to several fields among which: private education, culture industries and the communication (services of survey; services of distribution by operators of services by cable and service providers by satellite). Being the “cultural activities”, Morocco reserves the right to grant “a differentiated treatment” to countries under the terms of already signed international agreements or to come. In addition, it is specified that the subsidies granted by Morocco in support for the cultural activities “are not prone to this agreement”. Being cultural policy, the agreement with the United States takes note of the Moroccan policy and international engagements of Morocco on the matter. (Cf Mohamed Othman Benjelloun, “the question of cultural diversity to the ell of the agreement of free trade between Morocco and the United States”, conference " Sustainable development: lessons and perspectives" , Organized by the International organization of the francophonie, 1 June 4th, 2004, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.)
References
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