The forwarding Crawford , also known under the denomination of forwarding of Sandusky and demolished of Crawford , was a campaign of the Guerre of independence of the United States of America which was held in 1782 on the face of the West, at the time of the final stage of the conflict. Led by the Colonel William Crawford, the goal of this one was to destroy the villages of the Indian enemy along the river Sandusky in the Ohio Country, so that their attacks cease on the American colonists. This forwarding falls under long series of raids against the enemy villages carried out by the two camps throughout the war.
Crawford led a troop of 500 militiamans, coming especially from Pennsylvania, inside the Indien territory in the intention to surprise them. The British Indians and their allies of Detroit were informed however already of this forwarding and had gathered forces to be opposed to it. After one day of undecided battles close to the villages of Sandusky, American found itself encircled and tried to beat a retreat. The retirement was transformed into rout, but the majority of American managed to return to Pennsylvania. Only 70 Americans were killed; Indian and British losses being, as for them, tiny.
At the time of this retirement, colonel Crawford and a certain number of his men were captured. The Indians carried out many their prisoners in reprisals of the Massacre of Gnadenhütten which had taken place this same year, during which 100 Indian civilians had been assassinated by the militiamans of Pennsylvania. The execution of Crawford was particularly brutal: it was tortured during at least two hours before being burned alive. Its execution will be largely commented on in the United States, which will do nothing but worsen the relations already tended between Indians and American.
Context
When the American revolution begins in 1775, the river Ohio mark a thin border between the American colonies and the Indians of the Ohio Country . Shawnee S, Mingo S, Delawares, and Wyandot S, are divided on the position which they must hold at the time of this war. Certain Indian chiefs suggest neutrality whereas others enter in war because they see the occasion there to stop the expansion of the American colonies like reconquering grounds taken by the colonists.The war of border intensifies in 1777 after the British of Strait start to recruit and arm with the Indian troops to attack the American colonies. A certain number of American colonists of the current States of the Kentucky, Western Virginia and Pennsylvania will be killed at the time of these raids. The intensity of the conflict increases after American militiamans assassinated Cornstalk, the principal defender of neutrality at Shawnees, in November 1777. In spite of this violence, many Indians of Ohio always hope to be able to remain out of the conflict, which appears impossible since they are between the British based with Detroit and American being along the Ohio river.
In February 1778, American launches their first forwarding in Ohio Country in the hope to prevent the British activities in this area. The general Edward Hand leads 500 militiamans of Pennsylvania in a surprised winter walk of Fort Pitt to the river Cuyahoga, where the British store the goods which they distribute to the Indians who take part in the raids against the colonists. However, the execrable weather conditions prevent forwarding from achieving its goal. On the way of the return, certain men attack peaceful Delaware Indians, killing a man, some women and children, of which certain family members of the chief of Delaware, Captain Pipe. Because of the murder of non-combatant, this forwarding, by derision, will be called the squaw campaign (countryside of the Indian women).
In spite of the attack towards its family, Captain Pipe declares that he will not seek revenge. On the contrary, in September 1778, it will be one of the signatories of the treated of Strong Pitt between Delawares and the United States. The Americans hope that this agreement with Delawares will make it possible the American troops to make by the Delaware territory to attack Detroit, but alliance worsens after the death of White Eyes, the Delaware chief who had negotiated the treaty. Captain Pipe is turned over then against American and takes along its troops to the west of Sandusky, where he then seeks the support of the British of Strait.
During the years of war which follow, American and the Indians launch raids the ones against the others, aiming the villages in general. In 1780, hundreds of colonists of Kentucky are killed or captured during a forwarding britannico-Indian, the Expédition of Kentucky. The virginien George Rogers Clark answers it by leading a forwarding which, in August 1780, destroyed two Shawnee villages along the Mad River but which causes on the other hand little damage to the Indian effort of war. After this raid, Clark recruits men for a forwarding on Detroit, but the Indians demolish a hundred of its men along Ohio, thus ruining its countryside. The majority of Delawares being then pro-British, the American colonel Daniel Brodhead lead a forwarding in Ohio Country in April 1781, destroying the village Delaware de Coshocton. The survivors fled towards the villages of Sandusky.
Between the combatants of Sandusky and the Americans of Strong Pitt several villages of Delawares Christians are. These villages were managed by missionaries of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine, David Zeisberger and John Heckewelder. Although non-combatant, the missionaries lean for the American cause and hold informed Fort Pitt of the hostile actions of the British and their Indian allies. In order to avoid all new communication between the missionaries and the American army, Wyandots and Delawares of Sandusky moved by the force the missionaries like their converts towards a new village, Captive Town , along Sandusky in September 1781.
In March 1782, 160 militiamans of Pennsylvania ordered by the Lieutenant-colonel David Williamson traverse Ohio Country, in the hope to find the warriors Indian who are responsible for the raids against the colonists of Pennsylvania. Exasperated by the sinister murder of a woman and her baby, the men of Williamson capture a hundred Delawares Christians of the village of Gnadenhütten . Delawares Christians had returned to Gnadenhütten since Captive Town in order to recover harvests which they had been forced to leave behind them. Showing the latter to have helped the hostile Indians in their raids, Pennsylvaniens kill 100 Christian Indians, in majority of the women and the children, of a blow of hammer carried to the head. The Massacre of Gnadenhütten, as it then will be named, will have severe effects on the next American forwarding carried out in Ohio Country .
Planning
In September 1781, the general William Irvine is named ordering continental Armée on the operational theater with the west, whose general headquarter is in Fort Pitt. Although the British army under the command of Lord Cornwallis is returned with Yorktown in October 1781, the war on the continuous frontier of the West. Irvine learns quickly that American living on the frontier wants that the army launches a forwarding against Detroit in order to finish some with the support which the British bring to the Indians at the time of their raids. Irvine studies this possibility and writing with George Washington, the American commander-in-chief, the December 2nd 1781:
It is, I believe, universally allowed that the only manner of putting an end to the harassing of the Indians on the area would be to visit them. But we know, by experiment, to burn their empty villages does not have the discounted effect. They build well quickly others of them. It is necessary to continue them and them beat, them or the British by whom they are supported and to drive out them country. I believe that if Strait were destroyed, these would be a first step which would give a temporary respite to this country .
Washington is of the same opinion that Irvine, Detroit must be captured or destroyed so that cease the war in the west. In February 1782, Irvine forwards to Washington a detailed plan of offensive. Irvine estimates that with 2000 men, five guns and a column of provisioning, it will be able to take Detroit. Washington answered that the US congress being ruined, this last does not have the means of financing such a campaign and that consequently only of the offensive operations with small scales are possible.
Without means on behalf of the congress or of the continental army, Irvine authorizes volunteers then to organize their own offensive. Strait is too distant and too strong for an operation with small scales, but of the militiamans as David Williamson think that a forwarding against the Indian villages of Sandusky is feasible. It will be about an operation with weak budget: each volunteer will provide his own horse, his rifle, his ammunition and rations as well as other equipment. Their only compensation will be a two months exemption of service in the militia, as what they will be able to plunder in the Indian villages. Because of the Indian raids - the woman and the children of Pasteur Baptist were killed and scalpés in the west of Pennsylvania the May 12th 1782 - it does not miss volunteers.
Because of the reserves of Washington, Irvine thinks that it is not authorized to lead itself forwarding, but it makes its possible to influence the calendar of it. He writes instructions detailed for the commander of the volunteers (who was not appointed yet):
Your objective is, to destroy by fire and iron (if possible) the villages and Indian installations of Sandusky, in the hope to offer peace and safety to the inhabitants of this area; but, if it is not possible, then you will render all other services in your capacity of which the consequences will be to be used for this great end .
Preparations
The May 20th 1782, the volunteers start to gather at the point of appointment to Mingo Bottom (today Mingo Junction), on the Indian side of the Ohio river. It is especially of young men of origin Irish or Scottish, who come from the county of Washington and Westmoreland to Pennsylvania. Much is veterans of the continental army. Their exact number is unknown, an officer written to the Irvine General the May 24th which they are 480 volunteers, however additional men unite with the group thereafter, carrying their total with more than 500. In front of the perilous nature of their task, many volunteers will write their last wills and wills before the departure.
As it is of a forwarding of volunteers and not about an operation of the regular army, the men elect their officers. The two candidates for this station are David Williamson, the colonel of the militia which ordered the forwarding of Gnadenhütten and William Crawford, a colonel in retirement of the continental Army. Crawford, friend and agent of George Washington, are an experienced soldier and a man of the frontier . He is a veteran of this kind of forwardings: he destroyed two villages Mingo (Iroquois) at the time of the Guerre of Dunmore in 1774 and he had also taken share with the " squaw campaign".
The quinquagénaire Crawford is reticent to go voluntary, but it does it with the request express of the Irvine general. Williamson, although popular in the militia does not have the favor of the officers of the regular army like Irvine because of the massacre of Gnadenhütten . Precisely hoping to avoid new a Gnadenhütten , Irvine states that it is favorable to the election of Crawford as a commander. The election is surging and ends in a tight vote: Crawford obtains 235 votes and Williamson 230. Colonel Crawford thus takes the command and Williamson becomes its second with row of Major.
At the request of Crawford, Irvine authorizes Doctor John Knight, officer of the regular army, to accompany forwarding as a surgeon. Another volunteer of the staff of Irvine being made call " John Rose" , offers to be used like Aide-de-camp as Crawford. What all are unaware of then, it is that this young man with the aristocratic manners is in fact the Baron Gustave Rosenthal, noble a Russian which fled in America after having killed another man in duel. Rosenthal was undoubtedly only Russian to have fought American side at the time of this war.
On the way towards Sandusky
The volunteers leave Mingo Bottom the May 25th 1782 with provisions for 30 days. By projecting forwarding, the Irvine general estimated that the 280 km of way towards Sandusky would take seven days. Forwarding leaves full with hopes, certain men announcing that they have the intention " to exterminate all the Wiandott." tribe;.
As it is often the case with the militiamans, who are not professional soldiers, it will be difficult to maintain a discipline military. The men waste their rations and by play draw with their Mousquet S, in spite of the orders. They are slow to leave the bivouac in the morning and often jump their turn of duty. Crawford shows a less good chief than than one could have expected some. Rose even writes that during the councils Crawford " speaks in an incoherent way, its intentions are confused and proves to be unable to convince the others… ". The column frequently makes halt while the chiefs discuss of what they must do then. Certain volunteers desert.
The way through the Ohio Country is done mainly through wood. The men advance first of all on four columns, but the underwoods are so thick that they must form only one of them soon. The June 3rd, the volunteers arrive in the released plain of Sandusky, an area of meadow in the south of the latter. The next day, they reach the Upper Sandusky (the high part of Sandusky). The Wyandot village where they hoped to find the enemy is empty, the huts were abandoned. The Americans do not know that Wyandots recently settled a dozen kilometers more in north. The new village of the Upper Sandusky , also called " Half King' S Town " (close to current the Upper Sandusky), is close to the village of Captain Pipe (close to current the Carey), but American, is not informed then of the existence of this last.
The officers hold a Conseil of war. Some argue that if the village is abandoned it is because the Indians, having had wind of forwarding, gather their forces some share. Others express the desire to finish forwarding there and to return. Williamson requires the permission to take 50 men to go to set fire to the abandoned village but Crawford refuses because he does not want to divide his forces. The officers decide to continue to advance at the time of this day, but not to go then further. When the column stops to lunch, John Pink is sent towards north with some scouts. Little time after, two men is of return and announces that the scouts started the combat with an important Indian force which goes on American.
British and Indian preparations
Whereas it plans forwarding, the Irvine general informs Crawford that its only chance of success will be the effect of surprise. However, the British and the Indians are already with the current of forwarding before it leaves Mingo Bottom . Thanks to information obtained of a captured American soldier, the April 8th, the British agent Simon Girty provides to his superiors a precise report/ratio on the mission of Crawford.
Thus informed, the official ones of the British Indian Department (British Department of the Indian businesses) of Strait prepare to act. The commander of Détroit is the Major Arent Schuyler DePeyster, which is with the orders of Sir Frederick Haldimand, the British General governor of North America. DePeyster uses agents like Girty, Alexander McKee and Matthew Elliott, which has all excellent relations with the Indians, to coordinate the British actions and Indians in Ohio County . At the time of a council with Détroit the May 15th, DePeyster and McKee inform the Indians of the forwarding of Sandusky and advise to them to await them in great number and to push back them. McKee is sent in the Shawnee villages of the valley of the Great Miami River to recruit warriors there to be opposed to the American invasion. The captain William Caldwell is sent on Sandusky with a company of the Rangers de Butler and an Indian troop of the area of Strait directed by Matthew Elliott.
Indian scouts supervised forwarding since its departure. As soon as the army of Crawford to put the feet in Ohio Country , alarm was given on Sandusky. Whereas the Americans approach, the women and children of the villages Wyandot and Delaware hide in close gullies, whereas the British making the treats furs collect their business with haste and leave the villages. The June 4th, Delawares of the Captain Pipe and Wyandots of Dunquat, the " Roi" half; , joined by some Mingos the Americans attack. The combined forces Delaware, Wyandot and Mingo were estimated from 200 to 500 men. The British reinforcements were close, but Shawnees of the south were not awaited before the next day. When the American scouts appear Delawares de Pipe continue them whereas Wyandots remain temporarily in withdrawal.
Battle of Sandusky
June 4th: Battle Island
The first fixing with Crawford forwarding begins at the beginning of afternoon the June 4th 1782. The scouts of John Pink, meet Delawares de Captain Pipe on the plain of Sandusky, very as a combatant, they make retirement towards a clump of trees where they had left their provisions. The scouts are about to be overflowed when they are reinforced by large troop of Crawford. Crawford orders to the men to put foot at ground and to drive out the Indians of wood. After an intense fight, the Americans take possession of the wood, which one will name then " Battle Island".
The fixing is transformed into a true battle later in the afternoon. After the Americans pushed back Delawares of Captain Pipe out of wood, those are reinforced by Wyandots de Dunquat. Elliott also arrives on the theater of operations and coordinates the actions of Delawares and Wyandots. Delawares de Pipe overflow the position of the Americans and attack them by behind. Some Indians crawl to the American lines in tall grasses of the meadow; the Americans answer it while climbing in the trees in order to have a better point of view on their targets. The powder and its smoke fill up the air decreasing the visibility. After three hours and half of ceaseless fire, the Indians gradually break the contact whereas the night approaches. This night, in the two camps one sleeps the weapon with the fist, with the positions surrounded by large fires in order to prevent any night attack.
After the first day of engagements, the Americans count 5 dead and 19 wounded, whereas the British and the Indians count 5 dead and 11 wounded. The Americans scalpèrent some dead Indians whereas the Indians undressed some American bodies. Fifteen Pennsylvaniens desert during the night and are turned over from there on their premises reporting that the army was " setting in pièces".
June 5th: Reinforcements
The hostilities begin again in the morning of June 5th. However, this time, the Indians do not approach, they remain at a distance of a few hundred meters. The shootings with long distance inflict only little damage to each belligerent. The Americans think that the Indians are held remotely because they would have had important losses the previous day, but those make in fact only to save time while waiting for reinforcements. Crawford decides to hold its position in wood during all the day and of launching an attack surprised after fallen the night. At this time, certain Americans are still certain of their success, although they start to be in lack of water and ammunition. Simon Girty, the Britannique agent gallops with a white flag in direction of the Americans and invites them to go, which they refuse.
During the afternoon, the Americans notice finally that a hundred rangers British fight at the sides of the Indians. Not knowing that forwarding was espionnée as of its departure by the British and the Indians, the Americans are surprised that English troops of Strait were able to arrive so quickly. Whereas the Americans discuss this new development, Alexander McKee arrives with approximately 140 Shawnees, under the command of Blacksnake, who give an opinion in the south of Crawford, encircling in fact the Americans. Shawnees draw then in the air with their mousquets very often, to make state of their force, a named demonstration Bonfire , which starts moral Americans seriously. With as well of enemies encircling them, the Americans decide as they will make retirement after fallen the night rather than to hold the position. Deaths are buried; fires are lit on the tombs so that they are not discovered and are profaned. The seriously injureds are placed on stretchers in preparation of the fold.
The Americans begin a quiet retirement during the night. The Indian sentinels detect their movement and attack them creating a great confusion. Many men are lost in the black, separating in small groups. Within this chaos, Crawford worries for the members about his family who accompanied it - his son John, his son-in-law William Harrison, and her nephew who names like him William Crawford. With Knight, Crawford remains near the battle field, whereas its men from go away, calling the members of its family but not finding them. Crawford east in anger when he notices that, contrary to its orders, the militiamans gave up some casualties behind them. After all the men left, Crawford and Knight, like two other latecomers, from go away finally but cannot find large troops.
June 6th: Battle of Olentangy
In this morning of the June 6th, approximately 300 Americans find themselves at abandoned the Wyandot village. As the Colonel Crawford missing east, supposed died or captured, it is now Williamson which orders. Fortunately for the Americans, their army in retirement was not continued because Caldwell, the commander-in-chief of the British and Indian forces was touched with the two legs during the battle. Whereas the retirement continues, an Indian force comes into contact with the large one of the American troops at the beginning of afternoon. In the east of the plain of Sandusky, close to the river Olentangy, the Indians attack of all shares. Some Americans flee, others scatter in disorder, but Williamson holds position with the head of an small group and finally pushes back the Indians after approximately an hour of combat. At the time of the " battle of Olentangy" , three Americans are killed and eight wounded; the Indian losses are unknown.
The Americans bury their deaths and take again their retirement, Indiens and British continue them and draw by far. Williamson and Rose try to preserve the grouped men, informing them that a retirement into good order is their only chance to return on their premises alive. The Americans make retirement on forty kilometers, some of them with foot, before establishing a camp the following day, two Americans are captured and supposed died before Indiens and rangers give up the continuation. The large one of the American troops reached Mingo Bottom the June 13rd; latecomers arrive then by small groups. In all, approximately 70 Americans will never return from this forwarding.
Leaves the prisoners
Whereas Williamson and Rose make retirement with large troops, Crawford, Knight, and four other latecomers travel along Sandusky in what is today the Comté of Crawford (Ohio). The June 7th, they meet a group of Delawares to approximately 50 kilometers in the East of the battle field. Knight raises its weapon, but Crawford requires of him not to draw. Crawford and Knight learned that these Delawares belonged to a troop led by a chief named Wingenund. Whereas Crawford and Knight are made prisoners, the four other Americans escape, but two of them will be later killed and scalpés.
The prisoners of the Indians at the time of the American Revolution could be is exchanged against ransom with the British of Strait, adopted by a tribe, constrained with slavery or killed. After the Massacre of Gnadenhütten, the Indians of Ohio had decided to carry out all the American prisoners who would fall between their hands. The exact number of Americans carried out after the forwarding of Sandusky is unknown because the details will in general be reported by the only survivors.
Whereas certain prisoners are carried out quickly, others are tortured before being put at death. The public torture of the prisoners is a traditional ritual in many tribes of the Eastern Woodlands at that time. Prisoners have to endure abominable tortures during hours, even of the days. The British Department of the Indian Businesses uses of its influence near the Indians so that tortures cease and the execution of the prisoners, with a certain success, but in 1782 the Indians take again the practice of torture in order to be avenged for the massacre of Gnadenhütten.
Execution of Crawford
Crawford and Knight are taken along to the camp of Wingenund the June 7th, where nine other prisoners are. The June 11th, Captain Pipe paints the face of the prisoners in black, the traditional mark indicating that they will be carried out. The prisoners are led to the Delaware village on Tymochtee Creek, close to the current village of Crawford (Ohio). Four of the prisoners are killed with blow of tomahawk S and are scalpés in way. When the group stops, one makes sit the seven prisoners remaining with remote Crawford and Knight of the others. A group of women and boys kill the five others with blows of tomahawks, decapitating even one of them. The boys scalpent the bodies then slap Crawford and Knight with the scalps.
A crowd of a hundred men, women and children gathered at the village to attend the execution of the American commander. Dunquat and some Wyandots are present, like Simon Girty and Matthew Elliott. Captain Pipe, which knows Crawford since the treaty of Strong Pitt in 1778, is addressed to crowd indicating that Crawford was captured whereas it carried out number of men having taken part in the murders of Gnadenhütten. Crawford had not taken share with the massacre, but it had taken part in the squaw campaign during which family members of Pipe had been assassinated, and it would seem that Pipe also mentioned it.
After the speech of Pipe, Crawford entirely is undressed and beaten. Its hands are attached behind its back and a cord connects its hands to a pile sunk into the earth. A large fire was lit has ten meters. The warrior Indians draw with white on Crawford then cut the ears to him. One pushes it with ignited sticks just withdrawn of fire and one throws burning embers to him on which one forces it to walk. Crawford begs Girty to complete it with a ball, but Girty does not want or does not dare to intervene. After approximately two hours of tortures, Crawford crumbles. One it scalpe and a woman pours burning coals to him on the head, which makes it return to him. It goes then without appearing to suffer from tortures which are still inflicted to him. After its death, its body is finally flaring.
The next day one walks Knight through the Shawnee villages where it will be carried out soon. In way it strikes its guard with a stick and manages to escape and returns to foot to Pennsylvania. When hunters find Knight the July 4th, it is in sorry state and hardly coherent. They bring back it to Fort McIntosh.
Executions of Wapatomica
The day of the execution of Crawford, at least six American prisoners are brought in two groups to the village Shawnee de Wapatomica on the Mad river, today Comté of Logan (Ohio). Among these prisoners is the son-in-law of Crawford, William Harrison, and his nephew, the young person William Crawford. Four of the six, including Harrison and Crawford, are painted in black. The villagers, who learned the arrival from the prisoners by a messenger, form two lines and bastonnent the prisoners whereas they pass in front of them on a distance from nearly 300 meters. The blackened prisoners are then cut in parts with blows of tomahawks. Their heads and their members are then exposed on piles planted outside the village. One of the prisoners, a scout named John Slover, is taken along to Mac-have-chack (today West Liberty (Ohio)), but manages to escape before being flaring. Always naked, it seizes a horse and gallops until the animal crumbles of exhaustion, then continuous with foot, to reach Fort Pitt finally the July 10th. It is one of the last survivors to be returned.
Consequences
Last year of the war
The failure of Crawford forwarding causes a sharp concern on the frontier , number of Americans fearing that the Indians encouraged by their victory do not launch a new series of raids. New defeats are to be come for the Americans and in fact, for the Americans in the west of the the Appalachian Mountains, 1782 will be baptized the " Sanglante" year;. The July 13rd 1782, the chief Mingo Guyasuta leads 100 Indians and some Britanniques volunteers in Pennsylvania, destroying the village of Hannastown, killing nine inhabitants and by capturing twelve. It was the Indian attack hardest in the west of Pennsylvania during the war.
In Kentucky, the Americans prepare their defense whereas Indian Caldwell and its allies prepare a major offensive. In July 1782, more than 1.000 Indians gather in Wapatomica, but forwarding is stopped after scouts report that George Rogers Clark prepares to invade the Ohio Country from Kentucky. When finally it is learned that the reports/ratios of an imminent invasion are false, the majority of the Indians disperse. However, Caldwell leads a troop of 300 Indians to Kentucky and gains a victory devastator at the time of the Bataille of Blue Licks in August. After this victory, Caldwell receives the order to cease any operation because the United States and Great Britain are making peace. Whereas the Irvine general had finally received the authorization to lead his own forwarding in Ohio Country , the rumors of a peace treaty kill enthusiasm for this company which is finally abandoned. In November, George Rogers Clark conducts the last attack in Ohio Country , destroying several Shawnee villages but causing only little damage to their population.
The details of the peace treaty arrive only at the end of the year 1782. In the final treaty, the Ohio Country , the ground that the British and the Indians so brilliantly defended, returns to the United States. Great Britain did not consult the Indians during the peace process and those are never mentioned in the terms of the treaty. For the Indians, the fight with the American colonists soon will begin again at the time of the Indian Guerre of the North-West (1785), but this time without their British allies.
Impact of died of Crawford
The death of Crawford receives a vast publicity in the United States. A Ballade, " Crawford' S Defeat" (The defeat of Crawford), becomes soon popular. In 1783, the testimony of John Knight on the tortures inflicted in Crawford is published. The editor of the account of Knight, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, erases any mention of the lawsuit of Crawford and the fact that it was carried out in reprisal of the massacre of Gnadenhütten. While removing the Indian motivations, Brackenridge arrived, according to the historian Parker Brown, to create " a piece of virulent propaganda anti-Indian and anti-British in order to exacerbate the attention and the patriotism of the public." Although the American of the frontier often kill their Indian prisoners, many Americans consider the culture Indian barbarian because of their use of torture. In its introduction, Brackenridge indicates clearly why the account is published:
Mais whereas they Indiens continue their murders on our frontier , these accounts will be useful to encourage our government to take effective measures in order to punish them and to make them disappear; thus, they will see that the nature of the Indian is wild and cruel, and that their eradication will be useful for the world and honourable with those which it accompliront.
As envisaged, the account of Knight exacerbates hatred towards the Indians, and will be often republished during the 80 years which followed, in particular when the news remade state of violences between Blancs and Indians. The result in the American national memory was that the sinister details of died of Crawford eclipsed the American atrocities as the massacre of Gnadenhütten. The image of the wild Indian became a stereotype; the efforts of peace of men like Cornstalk and White Eyes were well quickly forgotten.
See too
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