Country of France

It is bordering on the French Vexin in the west, of the Brie in the east, the Goële and the Multien in the North-East, the Valois and the Thelle in north. In the south, the Mantois and the Hurepoix are. Nowadays, the urbanization delimited a new form of natural area, the Paris and its suburbs which extends on several from these traditional countries.

Two tectonic undulations strongly influence the general structure of the geological layers: the Synclinal of the the Seine with the pit of Saint-Denis, with the West, the Anticline of Louvres, in the East.

The flat-topped outliers, such as the Ridge-Finch (Montmagny, Pierrefitte, Villetaneuse) or ridges it of Écouen (Villiers-the-Beautiful and Écouen), comprise important masses of Gypsum, whose exploitation by mines (with open sky or underground) was abandoned in first half of the 20th century, but which generates possibly important disorders of ground which bring to envisage the development of several prevention plans of the risks (PR).

A very broad depression (2 to 3 km) located between Dugny and the the Seine is furrowed by the Croult, the Vieille Sea and the Rouillon.

The Ground water higher (tablecloth of the Eocene higher) comprises two under-levels Aquifère S, of which the thickness can reach 90m. It corresponds to a general tablecloth constant by the hydrographic Réseau of the the Seine and the Marne) and the deeper tablecloths. Very influenced by pluviometry, it undergoes variations important depths, but, overall, it is located near the ground and requires particular work to seal hollow and basements.

Until 1975, the tablecloth was strongly exploited for industrial uses with Sevran or the Plaine Saint-Denis but also for the Maraîchage. Whereas the under-aquifer Bartonien, too mineral-bearing, is unsuitable with human consumption, the under-aquifer Lutétien was not exploited punctually in the Val-d'Oise.

In order to limit the regular increase of the ground water, one plans to support new collectings of urban use. It is what recommends, for example, the Community program of the environment of Plaine Commune.

The Country of France is an area of plain traditionally dedicated to a prosperous agriculture (field crop of Céréale S and sugar Betterave S) thanks to the quality of its grounds muddy. The market-gardening cultures formerly very developed in the north of Paris were gradually driven back by the extension of the real units, the industrial parks and the warehouses.

It is crossed by directed main roads of North-South communication: trunk road 1, highway A1, Northern LGV, and accommodates the airports of Roissy-Charles-of-Gaulle and the Le Bourget. One also finds there the Triage of Le Bourget and the first coach station of France, Garonor.

The Plan of noise exposure of the airport Charles-of-Gaulle is in the course of revision, and will most probably limit the possibilities of important urbanization and development on the one hand of the country of France.

Human geography

The middle-classes tended to leave the Plain of France during the Années 1980 and 1990, and, whereas the average revenue of Parisian or the inhabitants of the Hauts-de-Seine increased by 23% between 1984 and 1998, that of the inhabitants of Courneuve, Aubervilliers or Sarcelles fell of 15%.

The Plain of France is a territory in deep renewal. Renewal of the inhabitants, since, each year, 91.000 inhabitants leave the sector, whereas an equivalent number comes to remain there. Urban renewal, by the number of projects carried out by the communes and their groupings (Plaine Commune or the other communities of communes or agglomeration of the sector), with the assistance, often, of the Public corporation of installation of the Plain of France. Economic renewal, finally, because of the economic dynamism of poles such as the Plaine Saint-Denis or the airport pole of Roissy, which employs more than 85.000 paid and creates jobs, in particular in the sectors of logistics.

The history of the place during the Great invasions and the times mérovingiennes and Carolingian remains little known fault of writings; only some names of localities are quoted: Luzarches, Écouen, Ézanville, Louvres and Mareil-in-France. The archeologists in addition updated four necropoles on the territories of Luzarches, Mareil-in-France, Sarcelles and Thimécourt. It is necessary to wait the 12th century to see appearing the current network of villages of the country of France.

The plain belongs to the first royal field capétien as of the 12th century. Its situation in the vicinity immediate of the capital placed it very early in situation of economic dependence with respect to Paris. Under the Old Mode, thanks to the fertility of its grounds, covered with a thick layer of silts, it supplies the capital in foodstuffs (cereals, breads of Gonesse…).

At the 19th century, the creation of the railway lines induces a first urbanization near the new stations, until Fosses, Survilliers in North and Mitry-Mory in the East. The first allotments, often related to the functions of holiday of Parisian easy, develop and create new urbanizations to with it, out of the old agricultural boroughs.

At the 20th century, it became a exhutoire rapid growth of the Paris and its suburbs, seeing the south of the country industrializing themselves and urbanizing massively by the appearance of popular allotments along the railway Paris - Lille (Villiers-the-Beautiful, Goussainville,…).

Thus, as of the inter-war period, develop allotments and quoted gardens which prolong the weak preexistent urbanization.

The allotments of Villiers-the-Beautiful, Arnouville-lès-Gonesse, Gonesse, Goussainville, Aulnay-sous-Bois, Stains, rise at a rate of fifty to hundred houses per annum, generating gradually the residential landscapes of suburbs which we know still today.

After the Second world war, the fast construction of great units built with haste on grounds available and not very expensive (Saint-Denis, Sarcelles, Garges-lès-Gonesse, Aulnay-sous-Bois, Sevran, Tremblay-in-France…) answers the important housing shortage that France knows then, related on the Rural migration, the destruction of the war, but also to the need for rehousing the repatriates of Algeria (to Sarcelles in particular) or of éradiquer the Bidonvilles. ZUP created by the State are one of the tools which allow the realization of these thousands of residences, which were then essential, but strongly contributed to reduce to poverty the south of the territory by concentrating the poorest populations there, and by creating true ethnic and social ghettos there.

The Country of France also takes up important duties for the operation of the Métropole francilienne, in particular with regard to the functions Logistique S: 3.500 hectares for example are occupied by the installation of the Aéroport Roissy-Charles-of-Gaulle since the beginning of the Années 1970.

The northern half of the country preserves however are rural character, preserved by its integration partial in the Regional natural park Oise-Country of France.

Tourism

Fifteen rural communes of the Val-d'Oise integrated into its foundation in 2004 the Regional natural park Oise-Country of France which covers the rural northern part of the country.

See too