The Pays of Caux is a natural area of Normandy. It belongs to the Paris basin. It is about a chalky plate in High-Normandy, in the north of the the Seine, which extends to cliffs from the Manche. It occupies most of the department of the Seine-Maritime.
The principal cities are Le Havre, Dieppe, Fécamp, Yvetot and Étretat. The rural architecture is characterized by its Close-hovel S and its Colombier S.
The inhabitants of the country of Caux are Cauchois. The Cauchois is an important dialect of the language Norman.
Geography
The Country of Caux is distinguished from the remainder of Normandy by its geographical and geological characteristics. These landscapes, unique in France, were worked by water and the human activities.
Situation and limits
The Country of Caux coarsely forms a triangle in the west of the department of the Seine-Maritime, in High-Normandy. It is bordered in north and the west by the Manche. But in the east, the limits are fuzzier and depend on the authors. It is generally admitted that the Country of Caux finishes in the west of the Forêt of Eawy and of the Green Forêt or on the interfluve between the Varenne and the Scie. The buttonhole of the Country of Bray, by its more raised altitudes and the nature of its grounds is different clearly from the Country of Caux. One indicates by the expression “Small Caux”, the littoral area located between Dieppe and Tréport.The city more in north east Dieppe (); the south-western end is occupied by the agglomeration havraise (). These two cities are Sous-préfecture S. Enfin, the valley of the Seine mark the southernmost limit of the Country of Caux.
High the Falaise S of Craie, which constitutes the essence of the Littoral, and the Seine in the past represented natural obstacles with transport and the communications, so that the territory cauchois a long time remained relatively wedged (see the paragraph on lower transport).
Geomorphology
The country of Caux is a vast sedimentary plate on the slightly corrugated surface. It rises gently towards the east, passing from 100 to 180 meters of altitude. In some sectors, one can find platings dating from the Eocene time , in particular between Saint-Valery-in-Caux and Dieppe (Sable S, sandstones, clays unusual for the area). It is necessary to announce the presence of some tectonic undulations: Anticline of Villequier and Yerville, Faille of Fécamp, which is altogether not very visible today.The plate of the Country of Caux is notched by valleys and Vallon S papered of Alluvion S and Sédiment S: the wet valleys, indicated thus because they are traversed by a river or a river, have a flat and broad bottom of a few hundred meters. They open on the English Channel in north or the Seine in the south. They are more and longer in north (valleys of Scie, the Saâne, the Dun, the Durdent, the Valmont, etc). The Versant S exposed to the south have a stiffer slope and are in general more wooded.
The dry valleys and the Valleuse S also cut the chalk plate: one finds them with Yport, Étretat, Saint-Valery-in-Caux… They do not have a flow on the surface. The base results from the deformation then of the erosion of the mountain born of this collision. The drillings carried out in the sector of Étretat-Fécamp-Lillebonne showed the presence of Sable primary education under the layers of the secondary era. Other major surveys highlighted Gneiss and rocks Schiste use very deformed.
The primary education base was then submerged by the sea with the Jurassic and the Crétacé. The level of this hot sea strongly evolved/moved during this period, which gave place to the formation of layers of clay, of chalk marnes then. The analysis of these layers reveals the presence of Fossile S of Ammonite S, of Oursin S as well as teeth of Requin S. During several million years, the layers piled up to constitute on the whole 500 to 1000 meters of sedimentary grounds, including more than 200 meters of Chalk, divided by the geologists into several stages (Cénomanien, Turonien, Coniacien, Santonien, Campanien). When the contribution in Silice was sufficient, of the benches of Silex were created in the middle of the limestones layers.
At the end of the cretaceous, the general rising of the Paris basin causes the withdrawal of the sea and the tectonic deformations (fractures, faults). The tertiary era is marked by the deterioration of chalk of emerged surfaces and the clay-with-flints formation. The sea again invades several sectors of the Countries of Caux, which involves silts, clays and limestones, visible in the Synclinal of Ailly. 4 million years ago approximately, the sea leaves the area definitively. A first phase of cooling occurs, some 2,6 million years ago. The Quaternaire (- 1,8 million years) sees following one another several glacial periods, during which the the Seine grows hollow, the shape of the Méandre S and the layers of alluvia. The alternation of cold periods and interglacial periods, but also the continuation of the rising of the Paris basin explains the migration of the meanders of the Seine, the fast cashing of the valleys and dead cliffs located at the south of the plate.
They is as during the quaternary one as the Loess settle, forming thicknesses going up to 10 meters. These particles are torn off with the Vasière S and the Alluvion S by the strong winds. For approximately 10.000 years, with the warming of the climate, the valleys have tended to be filled and the mediums to evolve/move.
Climate
The country of Caux is in moderate Climat oceanic: precipitations relatively important, lie between 700 mm on the coast and 1200 mm per annum around Goderville, inside the grounds. The Manche plays a thermal part of regulator, so that the winters are generally softer and the summers fresher than inside the continent. These climatic conditions are favorable to the agricultural activities.
Precipitations are distributed throughout the year, with a maximum in autumn and winter. July and June is marked by some storms. The dominant winds blow of the south and south-west; the storms arrive in winter, especially in January. The absolute records for the Country of Caux were recorded on October 16th, 1987 in the Cape of Hève: 180 km/h. The interior of the plate of Caux has a Flemish nuance.
Fragile mediums and landscapes
The landscapes are of aspect tabular and marked by the Openfield (open fields) required by agricultural mechanization. The specificity of the Country of Caux is the Close-hovel which is a space surrounded by quickset hedges being used as curtain windshield. The trees are planted on a slope (called in a paradoxical way “ditch” by Cauchois) of approximately a meter height. One uses Hêtre S, Chêne S or, nowadays, the Peuplier because of his rapid growth. There exist sometimes two lines of trees on the same slope.Sheltered by this hedge which creates a microclimate is a complantée court of Pommier S for the production of the Cidre or of Poirier S (presence of a press). The hedge protects moreover the young cattle and the Basse-cour. One finds also a pond and farm buildings and dwelling (firm). The access to the court is done by two or four gates which generally correspond to the cardinal points.
History
See also: History of the Country of Caux
The history of the country of Caux was marked by the people of the Calètes in the Antiquité and by colonization Viking with the Moyen-âge. It fits in the Histoire of Normandy while keeping a certain originality, related to its maritime opening and its geological characteristics .
Prehistory
The first inhabitants of the country of Caux could live in many the Grotte S of the valleys and the coast, without one being able to evaluate their number in an unquestionable way. The oldest sites date from the Paléolithique inferior and revealed tools cut out of stone of the types Clactonnien and Acheuléen (Havre, Sassetot-le-Mauconduit. The name “Calète” would come from Germanic the kalt meaning “cold”) or from the agrarian villages to enclosure. In spite of a fight baited against the troops of Jules César, Calètes are overcome by the Romans in the middle of first century BC
Roman peace
In 27 av. J. - C., the emperor Auguste reorganizes the Gallic territory. It creates the civitas caletorum (“Cité of Calètes”) which is incorporated in the Lyons province of Gaulle. With Roman peace, the populations forsake the oppida to live in the valleys. The campaigns are cleared, the cultures and the breeding develop and the craft industry provides exports towards Brittany. Many a Gallo-Roman villas is built, like that of Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer. They use local materials: Flint, Chalk, Calcareous, brick, Cob. The technique of the Colombage is inherited this time and the Celtic huts. The Romanisation of the Country of Caux, like elsewhere in Occident, passes by the urbanization and the construction of roads: Juliobona (current the Lillebonne) and Caracotinum (Harfleur) is then the main cities of the city.
The Germanic first attacks occur at the 3rd century: the Côte of Alabaster undergoes the born incursions Saxon and the Roman Emperor orders the construction of the litus saxonicus to defend the plate, Caux and the Talou, directed each one by a Count which represents the royal authority. Many a Toponyme S downtown “- short” and “-” goes back to this franque time. At the 7th century, the count de Caux, Vaning, founds the first monastery of Fécamp. The kings mérovingiens support the christianization of the campaigns and the foundation of abbeys: Fontenelle, Jumièges, Pavilly and Montivilliers is created in VIIe century. They quickly adopt the Règle of saint Benoît and constitute great land fields.
In 751, the kingdom mérovingien passes to the hands of the dynasty Carolingien and the political center moves away towards banks from the the Rhine. The raids Viking S on the coast Norman start at the 9th century. In 841, the Scandinave S go up the the Seine on their Drakkar S, plunder and devastate the monasteries and the cities of the area. The inhabitants and the monks, delivered to themselves, find safety only in the escape. In 911, the king Charles Simple the decides to give the Basse-Seine to the chief Viking Rollon: the Treated Saint-Clearly-on-Epte mark the foundation of the county of Rouen, future Duchy of Normandy. The country of Caux, knows a relatively dense Scandinavian settlement, as the toponymy shows it: among the most frequent suffixes, let us quote “- nozzle” (Caudebec-in-Caux, Bolbec), “- flagstone” (Dieppedalle, Oudalle), “- flower” (Harfleur, Fiquefleur) and “- early” (Yvetot, Criquetot-l'Esneval). The Vikings also leave a durable print in the habits, architecture, the Dialecte and the ethnic Type cauchois.
At the 10th century, the first dukes of Normandy often reside in their palates of Fécamp and Lillebonne, until the invasion of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror, which becomes king d' Angleterre. Later, Henri II sets up the Bailliage Country of Caux, which is taken again by the King de France at the 13th century. After the invasions Vikings, the dukes get busy to restore the monastic life in Normandy: towards 960, the reformer Gerard de Brogne ressuscite Saint-Wandrille. Richard {{Romanian|II|2}}]] made come [[Guillaume de Volpiano]] to revive the life of the abbey, according to [[the Order of saint Benoit|regulate bénédictine]]. The condition of the peasants cauchois is then relatively better than elsewhere in France: [[slave]] the S exploit to it [[reserve (history)|reserve seigneuriale]] and the rural communities are influential. Agricultural innovations ([[collar of shoulder]], [[three-year rotation]]) arrive very early to Normandy and involve an increase in the récoltesP. Auger, G. Granier, '' the guide of the Country of Caux '', 1993, p.20. Textile industry develops in connection with the culture of the tinctorial plants like with the breeding [[ovine]]. The population of the plate of Caux increases and them [[borough]] S develop, thanks to [[drapery]]. The inhabitants of Montivilliers, Harfleur and Fécamp buy with [[Jean Without Ground]] them [[communal charter]] in [[1202]] and them [[middle-class]] acquire [[privilege]] S. the commercial exchanges develop with the close areas and England. The fishing merchants of Fécamp organize one [[ghilde]] which protects them and regulates their activités. [[Fair]] the S regional multiply, that of Harfleur is then one of most famous country of Caux. In [[1204]], Normandy is integrated into [[royal field]] French. The {{XIIIe century}} is one boom for the country of Caux. [[Large Usual of Normandy]] is written in the middle of the XIII {{E}} century. [[Charter with Norman]] it is granted [[March 19th]] [[1315]], by [[the List of kings de France|king de France]] [[Louis X of France|Louis Hutin]], which echoes [[Magna Carta|Large Charter]] of [[England|English]]. This charter, as well as the second of [[1339]], is regarded until in [[1789]] as the symbol of Norman particularism. At the beginning of the {{XIVe century}}, the Country of Caux is touched, as the remainder of the Occident, by waves of [[famine]] S and epidemics. [[Plague]], which makes its appearance in [[1348]], keep silent until ¾ of the inhabitants in some villagesP. Auger, G. Granier, '' the guide of the Country of Caux '', 1993, p.21. Then the area is devastated by the rides, plunderings and the battles of [[One hundred Year old war]]. Demography crumbles and of many villages are abandoned. The trade is slowed down and the disturbed economic activity. At the beginning of the {{XVe century}}, the English razzient the campaigns of the Country of Caux Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.227. In [[1415]], the king of England [[Henri V of England|Henri {{Romanian|V|5}}]] unloads with Chief-of-Caux (the current one [[Holy-Addresses]]) Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.228 then besieges the town of [[Head office of Harfleur|Harflor]] who ends up falling at the end of a mois. Normandy is occupied by the English until in [[1450]]. === the rise and wars of the XVI {{E}} century === [[Image: EtelanBD03.jpg|thumb|200px|Castle of Ételan]] [[Image: Caudebeceglise1.jpg|thumb|200px|Church blazing of Caudebec-in-Caux]] In spite of the incursions of [[Charles the Bold one]] in [[1472]], the campaigns cauchoises find a climate of peace during approximately a century. The construction or the transformations of many religious buildings testifies to the return of prosperity: the churches of Harfleur, of [[Caudebec-in-Caux]], Saint-Jacob de Dieppe are built in style [[Gothic blazing]]. Many [[manor]] an S and castles are influenced by the architecture of the Rebirth at the end of the {{XVe century}}: Manor of [[Jean Ango]], castle of [[Angerville-Bailleul]], [[Castle of Ételan|of Ételan]], etc the trade begins again and the ports develop: under the reign of [[François Ier de France|François {{Ier}}]], the Dieppois ship-owner [[Jean Ango|Jehan Ango]] sends its ships towards America. [[Dieppe (Seine-Maritime)|Dieppe]] is also the seat of a school of [[cartography]] and of [[hydrography]]. The fishermen of the Alabaster coast go until [[Newfoundland]], from where they bring back it [[cod]]. [[Port of Le Havre]] is founded in [[1517]] with the point of the country of Caux, following the stranding of the port of Harfleur. However, Rouen remains the economic metropolis of the area. It is as with the {{XVIe century}} as it is written [[general Habit of Normandy]]: the Country of Caux keeps its characteristic however [[Habit (right)|habit]], which fixes in particular the conditions of [[heritage]]: the oldest son receives the major part of the heritage, which contributed to the maintenance of the great property in the area. [[Charter with Norman]] is confirmed in [[1587]]. The {{S|XVI|E|}} is finally marked by the success of [[Protestantism]] (Dieppe, [[Luneray]], Le Havre, Bolbec, etc) and them [[Wars of religion (France)|wars of religion]]. These last devastate the Country of Caux and of many abbeys and churches are mutilated. [[Revocation of the Edict of Nantes]] in [[1685]] causes the exile of hundreds of [[huguenot]] S cauchois towards the Protestant countries of Europe and it [[North America]]; these exiled were often contractors and traders and their departure represents a loss for the economy of the area. === XVII {{E}} and XVIII {{E}} centuries: towards a modern economy === [[Image: Dieppe-port.jpg|thumb|200px|The port of Dieppe under the Old Mode]] Agriculture progresses to the XVII {{E}} and XVIII {{E}} century: the culture of [[corn]] is the fact large farms on which it is practiced [[three-year rotation]]. [[Fallow]] is replaced gradually by [[clover]], which improves it [[productivity]]. The country of Caux occupies then, with [[the Norman Vexin|Vexin]], the first place in Normandy for the céréaliculture Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.301. On the coasts the culture of [[the cultivated Flax develops|flax]]. In north, one starts to cultivate [[colza]]. Harvests are especially used to supply the city of [[Rouen]]. The peasants cauchois are owners on the one hand important territoire Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.339. The craft industry is dominated by the textile production in the country hearths and the cities. At the end of the {{XVIIIe century}}, {{unit|20|%}} of the active population cauchoise works in the tissage and the spinning mill of [[cotton]] begins its essor Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.307. The market of [[Gonneville-la-Mallet]] is created in [[1633]]. One sells to with it cloths, corn and wire for [[lace]]. The economy of [[Bolbec]] rests on the industry of the cloth of laineP. Auger, G. Granier, '' the guide of the Country of Caux '', 1993, p.23. The principal production centres of [[lace]] are Le Havre, Dieppe, Montivilliers, Saint-Valery-in-Caux, Fécamp and Caudebec-in-Caux Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.306. The small manufacturing activity is diffused in all the country of Caux: work of [[ivory]] with Dieppe, shipyards of Le Havre, by [[Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle]] and by [[Villequier]], easiest etc the standard of living of Cauchois increases with the purchase of pieces of furniture and clothes nouveaux {{,}} Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.342. However, the day before [[French revolution]], dissatisfactions accumulated at Cauchois: bad harvests, the consequences of the commercial treaty signed with England and unemployment strike the population. In [[1789]], four districts are created on the Country of Caux: [[Cany-Barville|Cany]], Caudebec' in-Caux, Dieppe and Montivilliers. The plate is not affected by [[Great fear]]. In [[night of August 4th]] the 1789, the privileges are abolished: it is the end of [[right seigneurial]] of [[pigeon]] and of [[right of seniority]] the Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.422. The revolutionary wars affect the economic activity which undergoes the by-effect of [[blockade]] maritime and of [[food shortage]] S. During [[Terror (French revolution)|Terror]], it [[guillotine]] functions in DieppeP. Auger, G. Granier, '' the guide of the Country of Caux '', 1993, p.25. Under [[First Empire]], the country of Caux knows some revolts because of the bad economic situation. === XIX {{E}} century: industrial revolution and development of tourism === [[Image: Claude Monet - Garden with Sainte-Adresse.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Claude Monet]], '' Jardin with Holy-Addresses '', 1866, [[Metropolitan Museum off Art]] ([[New York]])]] As of [[the French Restoration|Restoration]], the introduction of mechanization into textile industry causes violent reactions of the workmen. The modernization of agriculture supports it [[rural migration]]. [[Railroad]] arrives in Le Havre and Dieppe in the middle of the {{XIXe century}}. Under [[Second Empire]], Dieppe becomes a vacation resort. Others [[seaside resort|seaside resorts]] are a relative success: [[Étretat]], [[Weak-the-Pinks]], [[Holy-Addresses]] villas are covered. One arranges there [[Casino (place)|casino]] S and of the establishments of bath. The land speculation goes good progress on the littoral but also in the countryside cauchoise, which receives investments rouennais and parisiens Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.444. [[Impressionist]] the S remain on the littoral and paint the beaches of the Alabaster coast. In [[1870]], the country of Caux is invaded by [[Prussia|Prussians]]: Bolbec and Dieppe are occupied. ===XXe siècle=== [[Image: Blockhouse Fécamp (2) 0017.JPG|thumb|200px|Blockhouse with Fécamp]] During [[First World War]], the Country of Caux is used as a basis back for the face located more at north. The Belgian government settles with Holy-Addresses. In [[1918]], the share of the soldiers cauchois died in the combat is more important than the average nationaleP. Auger, G. Granier, '' the guide of the Country of Caux '', 1993, p.28: the cities and the boroughs set up [[war memorial|war memorials]]. In [[Inter-war period]], the industrial development of [[Basse-Seine]] accentuates the rural migration. With the German occupation in [[1940]], the population is requisitioned to build it [[Atlantic Wall]] of which there remain many vestiges on the coast (stations of Holy-Addresses, Fécamp and Dieppe). The country of Caux is subjected to the allied air raids and a strong repression Nazi. [[Thirty Glorious]] are marked by economic transfers and social: in agriculture, mechanization progresses and the breeding renforce Mr. de Boüard, '' Histoire of Normandy '', 2001, p.501, which introduces changes into the rural landscapes. The arrival of the man-made fibers completes the decline of [[spinning mill]] the S traditional. Foreign competition affects it [[naval construction]]. == Cultural heritage and traditions == === Architecture === ==== Materials ==== Constructions of the Country of Caux use regional materials: * the wood of oak and beech for the beams, * it thatch is used to cover the roofs (increasingly rare), * clay is used for manufacture of bricks and the tiles, * sandstone, * limestone, * the flint and the roller use the construction of the houses, the churches but also of ears, the dams and other installations littoral. The layers of rollers were overexploited between 1885 and 1985, official closing date of the ramassage P. Lebourgeois, '' Pays of Caux. Life and inheritance '', 2007, p.21. The rollers were also used in the crushing machines. ==== private Architecture ==== {{Detailed Article|List manors of the Country of Caux}} [[Image: Photojanvier2005CLG 057.jpg|thumb|200px|Manor of Round slices, Dovecote]] *Un [[manor]] is the residence of one [[lord]], in theory not strengthened. After [[One hundred Year old war]], the houses seigneuriales do not need more ramparts and turns. Progress of artillery makes null and void the works of fortification. Peace and the prosperity found after 1450 give the possibility of rebuilding manors which use local materials ([[flint]], [[calcareous]]) and are let influence by [[the artistic Rebirth|Rebirth]]. The properties were in general surrounded by a slope (on the model of [[close-hovel]]) or by a wall. The access is done by an entry framed by two polychrome and worked pillars, or by pillars of barrière P. Lebourgeois, '' Pays of Caux. Life and inheritance '', 2007, p.30. *La majority of the Norman manors has in their court one [[dovecote]]. According to the analysis of the local historians, one counts 635 dovecotes in the districts of Dieppe, Le Havre and Rouen. The majority are circular and into hard. Rarest are polygonal and with half-timberings. The pigeons were high for their flesh and for [[colombine]] which was used as manure. It was especially an attribute of the nobility: the armorial bearings of the lord could thus decorate the door of the dovecote. The right of pigeon was abolished in the night of August 4th, 1789. [[Image: Country of Caux 07 2005.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Country of Caux]] *Les houses of Master: built with the XIX {{E}} century out of bricks in the borough or the chief town of canton. They take the shape of one house to the symmetrical frontage. The steeply sloping roof is out of slate, which arrives at the same time as the railroad, in second half of the XIXe century. The main door, glazed and protected by a worked grid, is surmounted by a marchioness. *La [[longère]] is a house of longitudinal plan; [[thatched cottage]] is an example; it often comprises an external staircase. It has a steeply sloping roof, traditionally stubbles some and each part opens directly on outside by a porte P. Lebourgeois, '' Pays of Caux. Life and inheritance '', 2007, p.61. *Les houses of fisherman turns the back on the sea or is perpendicular to the road. The walls are out of cut flint, roller or brick; the court has a well with tide. Equipped with a thatched roof then of slates, the joint houses of fishermen can form true maritime mining cottages, as in Fécamp. *Les [[villa]] S balneal: built with the XIX {{E}} century and at the beginning of the XX {{E}} century, they face the shore and follow the fashion of [[eclecticism]]. ==== Religious architecture ==== * parish churches * [[vault]] S * [[cross]] * [[leper-house]] S * [[sanctuary]] S ==== Structures and public buildings ==== The village cauchois is located at the crossroads of several roads or along a way (village-street: [[Yport]], [[Saint-Aubin-the-Routot]], [[Nozzle-of-Mortagne]], etc). The center of the village is occupied by a place called “square”, because of its square or rectangular form. It is on this place that were established the market with the grains, the weekly market and the coffee ([[Gonneville-la-Mallet]] for example). The town hall, which also acted as elementary school, can be on another place, just as the church. ==== economic Buildings ==== * baker's oven, charretery, stable, cattle shed, sheep-fold, pigsty, storeroom, courtil, barn with battière === Traditions, folklore and events === * corso flowered: Doudeville, Gonneville-la-Mallet, Le Havre * festival of the sea: Yport, Fécamp, Weak-the-Pinks; processions and blessing of the sea * Saint John's day: bûchers are set up in certain villages on June 24th * harvest festival === culinary Specialities === * [[douillon]] S, * [[roll of Saint-Romain]], * [[cider]], [[apple-brandy]] and [[pear]] are common to all Normandy. == the littoral: [[Alabaster Coast]] the == See the articles on the cities of [[Saint-Valery-in-Caux]], [[Étretat]]. “Description of the country of Caux”, text extracts from: François of the Streets, '' Brève description, containing antiquities, foundations & singularities of the most famous Cities, Castles & remarkable places of our Kingdom '', Jean the Trust Printer, (1603), with privilege of the king ([[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]]) by letters patent of [[February 18th]] [[1603]]:
“'' This feed is celuy that Cesar calls Caletes, & is of beautiful estenduë & more longitudinally than into broad, having the soil of Abeuille with leuant: in Midy Beauuoisis; with North the Ocean, & the Occident the riuiere of the Seine, auec left Rouënnoys. The more famous cities of this feed are Gisors, S. Cler on Epte, Pontoyse, Gournay, Aumale, now Duché, pertaining to the famous house of Own way, Neuf-chastel sits Royal, Heu Comté apatenante with the heirs to the Dukes of Neuers, Arques, & the famous port of Dieppe, the vne of the strongest places of the coste Belgium, having its name of vne petitte riuiere which passes there. Along ceste coste Septentrional of Normãdie, is the place of S. Valery located on the sea ''. ” Traduction of the contemporary text in language: “'' This country is that which César calls Caletes, and is of beautiful extent and more longitudinally than into broad, having the soil of Abbeville in the east: in the south Beauvaisis; in north the ocean, and the west the river of the Seine, with part of Rouennais. The most famous cities of this country are Gisors, Saint-Clerk-on-Epte, Pontoise, Gournay, Aumale, now duchy, pertaining to the famous house of Own way, Neuchâtel sits royal, Have county pertaining to the heirs to the dukes of Nevers, Arques, and the famous port of Dieppe, one of the strongest places of the Belgium coast, having its name of a small river which passes there. Along this dimension of the north of Normandy, is the place of Saint-Valéry located on the sea. ”Guy of Maupassant, '' the jump of the shepherd ''. Text published in '' Gil Blas '' of [[March 9th]] [[1882]]:
'' “De Dieppe in Le Havre the coast presents an uninterrupted, high cliff of approximately one hundred meters and right-hand side like a wall. Of place in place, this broad outline of white rocks drops abruptly and a small narrow valley, to the covered fast slopes of close-cropped grass and marine snap rings, goes down from the plate cultivated towards a pebble beach where it leads by a ravine similar to the bed of a torrent. Nature made these valleys, the stormy showers finished them by these ravines, notching what remained of cliff, digging to the sea the bed of water which is used as passage to the men. Sometimes a village is blotti in these small valleys, where the wind the broad one is engulfed. ” ''[[Image: Firm gonfreville 07 2005.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cattle shed cauchoise, traditional architecture with use of brick, [[flint]], the calcareous stone and of [[thatch]]]] Guy of Maupassant, '' [[Pierre and Jean]] '', chap, 6:
'' “the tepid air, where mixed with the odor with the coasts, the gorses, clover and grasses, the marine scent of the discovered rocks, still animated it by graying it gently and it decided a little more with each step, each second, each glance thrown on the alert silhouette of the young woman; it decided not to hesitate more, to say to him that it liked it and that it wished to marry it. Fishing would be useful to him, facilitating their private conversation; and it would be moreover a pretty framework, a pretty place to speak about love, the feet in a limpid water basin, while looking at fleeing under the kelps the long beards of shrimps. When they arrived at the end of the small valley, at the edge of the abyss, they saw a small path which went down along cliff and under them, between the sea and the foot of the mountain, at semi-coast about, one surprising chaos of enormous rocks, collapsed, reversed, piled up the ones on the others in a species of grassy and animated plain which ran as far as the eye can see towards the south, formed by the old crumblings. On this long tape of undergrowth and grass shaken, one had says, by starts of volcano, the fallen rocks seemed the ruins of a large disappeared city which looked at the Ocean formerly, dominated itself by the white wall and without end of cliff. ” ''== Économie == === Agriculture === [[Image: Cham Flax Payx de Caux 07 2005.jpg|thumb|200px|Field of flax in the Country of Caux, in July]] The country of Caux is a prosperous agricultural area thanks to the oceanic climate and on the muddy ground. It is however sometimes necessary to add [[marl (rock)|marl]] on certain pieces. The artificial fertilizers and the pesticides come to pollute the ground water and the rivers. The rural areas are nibbled by [[rurbanisation]] primarily around the agglomerations havraise and dieppoise. Today, the farmers cauchois practice the mixed-farming: [[corn]], [[corn]], [[cultivated flax|flax]], [[potato]], [[alfalfa]], [[beet]], [[colza]] are principal cultures. The Country of Caux remains the first producing area of flax in France P. Lebourgeois, '' Pays of Caux. Life and inheritance '', 2007, p.60. It was already famous with the Middle Ages and was worked in domestic workshops before the age of the industrial spinning mills. Currently, the principal importer of flax cauchois is Chine P. Lebourgeois, '' Pays of Caux. Life and inheritance '', 2007, p.63. The sugar beet is the principal industrial crop. The bovine breeding for milk is also important, whereas the breeding [[ovine]], formerly very développé P. Lebourgeois, '' Pays of Caux. Life and inheritance '', 2007, p.40, are currently rather reduced. === Industries === The indutries are primarily in the valleys. Agribusiness industries are the sugar refineries, distillings, the dairies (Senoble with Gruchet-le-Valasse). === Tourism === The country of Caux has many tourist assets: picturesque and wild littoral, [[seaside resort|seaside resorts]] famous ([[Étretat]], [[Fécamp]], [[Yport]], [[Weak-the-Pinks]], [[Dieppe (Seine-Maritime)|Dieppe]]), architectural cultural heritage and, sports activities, etc the region in addition is well linked to the north of France and Europe thanks to [[the French Highway A29|A29 highway]] but also with [[Paris region]]. A many second home there is established since the {{XIXe century}} and much belongs to the Parisian ones. == country of Caux in the literature == [[Image: Courbet.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Gustave Courbet, '' Plage of Normandy '', National Gallery off Art, Washington D.C.]] [[Guy of Maupassant]] admirably described the rural environment of the Country of Caux in its novels. An example: extract of '' Miss Harriet ''. Text published in '' the Gallic '' of July 9th [[1883]], under the title '' Miss Hastings '', then published in the collection '' Miss Harriet ''; Maupassant describes a voyage in diligence between Étretat and [[Tancarville]]:
'' “It was the autumn. On the two sides of the way the stripped fields extended, yellowed by the foot court of the oats and the mown corns which covered the ground as a badly shaven beard. The embrumée ground seemed to smoke. Larks sang in the air, other birds pépiaient in the bushes. The sun finally rose in front of us, any red at the edge of the horizon; and, as it went up, more clearly of minute in minute, the countryside appeared to wake up, smile, be shaken and remove, as a girl which leaves the bed, her white steam jacket. The count d' Étraille, sitted on the seat, shouted: “Hold, a hare” and it extended the arm towards the left, indicating a clover part. The animal slipped by, almost hidden by this field, showing only its large ears; then it packed up through one plowed, stopped, set out again of a mad dash, changed direction, stopped again, anxious, épiant any danger, undecided on the road to be taken; then it recovered to run with great jumps of the rear-axle unit and it disappeared in a broad square from beets. All the men woke up, according to the walk of the animal. ” ''* [[Maurice Leblanc]] * [[Gustave Flaubert]] * [[Jehan Povremoyne]], '' diabolic Weddings '' [[Image: Pierre-Auguste Renoir 081.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], '' Mer and boats '', 1883, [[Metropolitan Museum off Art]], [[New York]]]] ==Personnalities cauchoises== * [[Adrien Victor Auger]], painter born with Saint-Valéry-in-Caux in October 1787. * [[Louis-Hyacinthe Bouilhet]], writer born in Cany on May 27th, 1822 and died in Rouen on July 18th, 1868. * [[Dominique Noguez]], writer born on September 12th [[1942]] in Bolbec, [[Femina price]] 1997. * [[Fabien Canu]], judoka == Bibliographie == *Pierre Auger, Gerard Granier, '' the guide of the Country of Caux '', editions Manufacture, Lyon, 4 {{E}} edition, [[1993]], {{ISBN|2737702801}} *Michel Lecureur, '' Manoirs of the country of Caux '', Editions Charles Corlet, Condé-sur-Noireau, [[1992]], {{ISBN|2854803574}} *Jacques Ragot, Monique Ragot, '' Guide of nature in country of Caux '', Fécamp, editions of cliffs [[2005]], {{ISBN|284811035X}} == Notes ==
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