Coumans

The Coumans (or Cumans , Comans , Koumans , Kiptchak or Qiptchaq ) or in Russian: Polovtses (“of fawn-coloured color”), Turkish-speaking people seminomad. In 888, one sees Coumans established between the the Volga and the the Ural, country of which they had driven out the Petchenègues. At the 11th century, they were spread between the Dnieper, the Tanaïs, the the Volga and the Iaïk, then they have to occupy part of the current Ukraine at the 12th century. More the large-part of them passed in Hungary, where they were established in the country called since Cumanie

Ethymology

These people were probably a tribe of the Alains and drew his name from the Cuma or Kouma , a river which throws in the Caspian Sea.

History

Coumans cohabited a long time with the Russian during the time of the feudal parcelling out of Russia, sometimes like invaders, which because of many wars like that launched by Igor, prince of Novgorod-Severski in 1185, which was a failure but which was used as groundwork with the first known literary work Russian, says It campaign of Igor , or those, victorious, of the prince Vladimir II Monomaque which pushed back Coumans beyond the river Don; sometimes like allies, intervening in the feudal wars by supporting one of the two camps. Russian Coumans and the were combined to face the threat of the Mongolian invasion , in 1223 a allied army will join battle with the Mongols of Gengis Khan on the Kalka although the invasion had not touched the Russian grounds.

They gave their name to the Mongolian Khanat of the Horde of Gold, also called khanat of Kiptchak, on which reigned with and 14th centuries the descendants of Djötchi, oldest son of Gengis Khan and which, in addition to their field of origin, included a good part of the Kazakhstan and south-west of the Siberia.

The language kiptchak was a Lingua franca , a kind of Turkish “average”, in the relations with the merchants of Genoa and Venice installed in the counters of the Crimea. A document of a very particular interest, the Codex cumanicus , which is with the Biblioteca Marciana of Venice, gives lexicons in this language.

The people couman dispersed after the conquest of his territory by the Mongolian of Batou in 1239, mingling with many other people, giving rise to the ethnos groups of the Tatars of the Crimea, of the Nogaïs, the Bachkir S, the Kazakh of the Gagaouzes, etc

Sociocultural influences

Their influence left a certain number of toponyms or family names in the Eastern European countries. For example, in Hungarian Kun means Couman .

In Music, they are associated with famous the Danses polovtsiennes of the opera the Prince Igor of Alexandre Borodine. Work was inspired without any doubt by " says It campaign of Igor ".

See too

External bonds

Codex cumanicus ===Sources===

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