Corteza de Entorhinal

This page relates to the year 1681 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

March 4th: Charles II of England octroit to the Quaker William PEN of the grounds in North America, refunding of a debt of 16.000 books. the EC-last founds Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania (1000 inhabitants).

Dombo, king of Boutoua (Large Zimbabwe), of the dynasty of the Changamiré, attacks the kingdom Karanga (Monomotapa) which it occupies almost entirely in 1693. He dies in 1695.
the Morocco ains take El Mahdiya with the Christians.
naval Victoire of Duquesne on the barbaresque pirates with Tripoli.
the last dodo of the Mauritius dies out.

November 25th: Cornelis Speelman becomes general governor of the Dutch Compagnie of the Eastern Indies (fine the January 11th 1684).

Aurangzeb installs its government with Burhanpur, in the Dekkan.
Sir Josiah Child becomes governor of the English Compagnie of the Eastern Indies (fine in 1699). It develops a territorial policy while benefitting from the competition between princes.
François Martin, named directing of the Coromandel, strengthens Pondichéry.

January 11th: Secret treaty between Louis XIV and Frederic-Guillaume Ier de Brandebourg.
January 13rd: Trève de Radzin. The Russia seizes most of the Ukraine to the detriment of the Othoman S.
February 11th: Traité of Bakhtchi-Seraï (Balkhtchisaraï) between the Ottoman Empire and the Russia, which keeps the two parts of the Ukraine after Dorochenko was driven out Right Bank of the Dniepr (1677). All the area between Gift and Dniestr must remain unoccupied. Between Kiev and bottom Dniepr, no city will have to be founded. The truce is signed for twenty years.

Session of the Hungarian diet with Sopron in spring: the emperor Léopold Ier restores the old constitution and returns the religious liberty to the Hungarian Protestants. Imre Thököly refuses to appear in Sopron. Helped by the Othoman , it attacks the imperial ones in High-Hungary in September.

July 8th: Charles III, duke of Mantoue grants to Louis XIV faculty to put garrison in the citadel of Casal.
September 30th: Spanish naval Victoire on the Brandebourg with the battles of the course Saint-Vincent
November: The tsar of Russia Fédor III convenes the Zemski sobor to consult it on the reorganization of the army.

Test Act with the the United Kingdom: all the holders of Scottish office must lend an oath recognizing the supreme authority of the king as well in the temporal businesses as spiritual.
the Scottish Parliament recognizes Jacques of York like legitimate heir to the throne.
Meeting of a diplomatic congress of the German princes with Frankfurt.
Failure of a military attempt at reform in the Empire.
Authorization to build Protestant temples in Hungary in a limited number of cities.
Nicolas Esterházy becomes palatine of Hungary.
country Revolts in Bohemia.
Russian Embassy of Pyotr Potemkin in France.

March 18th: Generalization of the Dragonnades. The intendant Marillac inaugurates the Dragonnades in Poitou. Dragons are placed among Protestants. They obtain 38 000 conversions into a few months and the system is extended by Louvois to all France (March 18th).
September 30th: Capitulation of Strasbourg, which recognizes French sovereignty. Meeting of Strasbourg to the Alsace. The catholic worship is restored there. The king tries to obtain from the pope, in reward, a indult (special grace) which would make right to the French claims on levels. The pope refuses and a clerical assembly is convened to make part with the claims of Rome.
October 24th: Restitution of the cathedral of Strasbourg to the catholic worship.
October 30th: Extraordinary meeting of the Clergy directed by Bossuet (end in March 1682) which affirms its fidelity with the king and his policy gallicane and anti-huguenote. It signs the declaration of the clergy of France.

Annexation of the Principality of Montbeliard (1681 - 1697). Occupation of Keht (1681 - 1687).
Jean Talon becomes secretary of the cabinet of the king.

Russia: Council deciding the creation of new dioceses to reinforce the influence of the official Church and the constitution of a police force to fight against the dissidents. It is interdict to give them hospitality, their places of worships and hermitages are destroyed.
Project of a slavo-gréco-Latin academy, which would make the synthesis between the kiévienne influences and the Greek current.

May 21st: The Channel of the South, length 321 km and conceived by the engineer Pierre-Paul Riquet is open.
Beginning of the construction of the Machine of Marly for the water supply of the Castle of Versailles.

the annual average production of money of the Spanish America is of 306 tons between 1681 and 1700.
In France, as from 1681 - 1683, the provincial intendants takes care to prevent the debt of the cities and the villages, to facilitate the payment of the royal tax. They thus establish an administrative supervision on the municipal expenditure.
Emission of paper money by the bank of Sweden which, printed in too great number, is not long in being depreciated. The country will be seen reduced to an economy based on barter.
Importance growing from abroad in the Russian economy: copper mines of Olonets (Denis Jovis, Dutchman and Pierre Marselis, Dane), forging mills of Kalouga (Tilmann Ackerman, German), manufactures mirrors with Moscow (Mignot, French). The technical personnel is recruited abroad.

January 16th: Olivier Patru.
March 6th: Michel de Marolles.
June 28th: Miss de Fontanges, last important mistress of the king Louis XIV.
May 25th: Pedro Calderón of Barca, Spanish playwright (1600-1681), author of Alcalde de Zalamea , the Doctor and his honor , the Devotion with the cross , the life is a dream .
August 6th: Nikita Nikon (1605 -1681), patriarch of Moscow (1652 - 1658).
December: The abbot Charles Cotin.

Be-X-old: 1681 Map-bms: 1681 Simple: 1681

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