Contraception

The the World Health Organization defines the contraception like the use of agents, devices, methods or procedures to decrease the probability of design or to avoid it . Contraception indicates the temporary and reversible processes, if not it is about sterilization: Castration, Vasectomy or Binding of the horns.

This term is reserved for the human beings and, sometimes, for some animal. It is not used for the vegetable .

History

The first signs of contraception appear in the old Egypt in the form of an intra-uterine device , there is more than 5.000 years. Thousand years later, one finds the trace in Egypt of a contraceptive receipt, made up of Excrément S of crocodile, of Natron, Miel and Gum arabic.

The Greek and the Roman when with them used the Avortement and the Infanticide in the event of failure of the Drogue S and the Amulette S.

Writings of the Antiquité recommended with the women to jump several times after the sexual relationship in order to make leave a product composes of glaire and Sperme, thus avoiding the Fécondation.

Soranos d' Éphèse describes the practice of the Avortement and the clothes industry of a plug which prevents the rise of the Sperme, while speaking about sponges of the Raising, famous for their flexibility and their capacities for absorption. These sponges, called “mignonnettes” , were always used with.

On arrival of the Christianity, the Catholic church recommended the Abstinence like only means of contraception. The Christians condemned any control of the fruitfulness which allowed the pleasure but prevented procreation. Abortion and contraception were considered, by the first Christians, like similar practices, namely of the attempts to benefit from the pleasures from the sex, without generating of child. The Roman Church voluntarily condemns any marital act amputee of its procreative virtue. However if the pleasure without procreation is condemned, the abstinence can be glorifiée. This contraceptive method is accompanied, indeed, of positive values, taught by the Church after the council of Thirty (XVIes): the direction of the responsibility and the self-control, the marital love which can lead a husband to want to avoid with his wife of the pregnancies repeated and always dreaded, the attachment with regard to the children whom one will be able to raise with all the more care which they will be fewer. Except the abstinence, any other process recommended forever by the Roman church.

It will have been necessary to wait to see appearing the first Préservatif containing grass, invented by Gabriele Falloppio. One will also experienced, at that time, various intra-vaginal injections . In a general way, one then prefers to speak about pressures reserved and operations post-coïtales. In 1661, Madam de Sévigné speaks, in its “Letters with his/her daughter” to use “restringents” or to make room with share.

With, Thomas Malthus notes that the curve of the births exceeds the curve of the subsistence. He preaches the recourse to a birth control which would not prevent the pleasure.

In France, on July 31st, 1920, a law prohibits contraceptive propaganda.

In 1930, the pope Pie XI prohibits all methods artificial which would block the Procréation. Twenty and one years after, Pie XII authorizes the Sexual abstinence periodic, as well as the birth control for eugenic economic reason, , social or medical.

March 8th, 1956, association happy Maternité is created, it will militate to give access to contraception to the Frenchwomen and for the abolition of the law of 1920.

The year 1961 will know, in March, the judgment of “very proceeded contraceptive or average sterilizing the purpose of which is to block the arrival in the world of the children”, by the Assemblée of the cardinals and archbishops of France. Then in June, the opening of the first Center of planning to Grenoble by Henri Fabre, as well as a second with Paris in October.

In 1967, the Loi Neuwirth comes to repeal the law of 1920, thus authorizing the contraception, which will be refunded only in 1974 with the Loi Veil.

Etymology

The term contraception originates in:
  • countered : against
  • (idiot) ception , of Latin conceptio , concipere : to conceive: formation of a new being.

Methods of birth control

Many methods of contraception are used by the human ones, of which the availability, the effectiveness and the facility of use vary largely.

See also: Effectiveness of the methods of birth control, Amorce=L' effectiveness of the various methods is detailed in the article

The methods of contraception can be declined in several categories:

  • the methods " barrières"
  • female hormonal contraception
  • male hormonal contraception
    • in the course of experimentation: association of a progestative pill or a hormonal implant (similar or identical hormone) to testosterone (for the maintenance of the male sexual characters) in the form of pill or of injection acting several weeks; the effectiveness (absence of spermatozoa in sperm) would require three months of medicamentous catch without interruption; for the stop, it would take three months to have fertilizing spermatozoa.
  • the DIU (intra-uterine device) or Coil S
    • DIU " classique" with copper
    • hormonal DIU
  • surgical methods
  • the natural methods

The methods known as natural are sometimes not regarded as means of contraception. However, they enter the definition given by WHO like " methods or procedures allowing to decrease the probability of conception" and thus seem for this reason to have their place in this article.

For memory, the sexual practices excluding the vaginal penetration such as the Sodomy, the Fellatio or the reciprocal Masturbation, do not lead normally to a fecundation, but it is excluded only from sperm comes incidentellement into contact with the vagina.

There exist moreover two average of contraception known as " d'urgence", namely the Pilule of the following day and poses it of a DIU.

Until the Years 1960, contraception was practically exclusively spring of the Homme. It massively became female with the appearance of the hormonal treatments (“the pill”).

Stake and polemics

From its implications on the population, contraception is a stake philosophical, religious and political major, prone to polemic (see also the polemics on the Voluntary interruption of pregnancy).

Contraception was regarded a long time as undesirable, and sometimes prohibited, each human additional being regarded as a richness and the sexual relations as a pleasure being regarded as ashamed and repressible. At the 20th century, the Western movements of sexual Libération made evolve/move this perception. Contraception is now often perceived like a means of individual control of fruitfulness and reproduction allowing individual blooming.

Certain religious groups refuse the use of contraception. The Moslem authorities and Protestant did not adopt a single position. The Catholicisme is opposed to the use of any contraception, and preaches the birth control by the methods of natural family Planification. The pope Paul {{VI}} defined the position of the Catholic church on this subject in the Encyclique Humanæ vitæ (July 25th 1968).

The promotion of the control of the populations (partly supported by international organizations as the the World Health Organization) carried out to deploy contraception in countries with fragile economy and population into strong growth after the agricultural revolution (increase of the capacity to nourish the populations) and the medical revolution (international deployment of drugs, of rules of hygiene and practices reducing the Mortalité appreciably).

Thus both the most populated countries of the 20th century (the China and the India) had massively recourse to contraception in order to limit the growth of their population. Thus, in the Chinese canton of Linyi (province of Shandong), a campaign sterilizations and abortions forced have affected 7000 women in 2005. The civils servant of the family planning wanted to rectify of force the bad figures of the birthrate in this area. It will be noted that, in certain cases, forced contraception was also employed. Schooling, the access to the care, the increase in the duration of the celibacy of the Woman S and the Urbanisation reduce the birthrate. Under such conditions, the majority of the populations adopt a Birth rate near to the rate Occidental.

Contraception in France

71% of the people, having an active sexuality, are protected from a pregnancy. Whereas the age of the first sexual relation has not moved for 20 years (17,5 years on average), the Middle Age of one mother to the birth of its first child increases unceasingly (26,5 years in 1977 with nearly 30 years in 2004).

See too

Random links:Gadagne museum | Beaumont-the-tool bag | Geography of Alp-of-High-Provence | Mocònesi | Flax stripper | 810