Connecticut

Ceuta or Sebta , of Latin Septum ( legio ), is an autonomous city Spanish wedged in the Rif on the north-western coast of the Morocco and is with approximately fifteen kilometers of the coasts of the Spanish province of Cadiz in Andalusia. It is one of the two enclaves of this country in North Africa with Melilla, on the the Mediterranean. With Tangier and Tetouan, it is the main door of the North-West of the Africa towards the Europe. An important community of Gipsy elected S.A. remains on the heights of the city.

History

: city under control phenician, is named Hepta Adelphoi .
319 av. J. - C.: city conquered by Carthage.
201 av. J. - C.: Carthage loses the war against Rome and the city passes under control of the Berber Kingdom of the Numides.
47 av. J. - C.: Ceuta falls under control from the Berber Kingdom from the Maurétanie.

Roman Ceuta and post-Roman 40-709

40: the city is taken by the Romans under the reign of the emperor Caligula. She will belong to the Roman province of the Maurétanie Tingitane.
296: Maurétanie Tingitane is incorporated in the diocese of Hispania.
429: Ceuta, as well as the remainder of North Africa, is taken by the Vandales which are expelled of the Iberian peninsula.
534: Ceuta, as well as the remainder of the old province of Mauritania Tingitana, is taken by the Byzantine general Bélisaire which acts under the orders of the emperor Justinien. The provinces of Bétique and Maurétanie-Tingitane are linked by the Byzantines to form Exarchat of Africa.

Moslem domination 709-1415

709 : the city is delivered to the Omeyyades by the local governor of the city Yuliyan. The origin of Yuliyan is not known with certainty, various historians Spanish support the possibilities that it is Berber, wisigothe or Byzantine, while the Arab sources affirm that it was certainly Byzantine, and that Ceuta and Tangier were the last bastions of the Byzantine Empire in North Africa
740: Berber rebellion Kharidjite in current Morocco against the Arab capacity; the city will be destroyed.
789: the city is taken by the Moroccan dynasty of the Idrissides.
931: the city, as well as part of the north of Morocco, is taken by the Califat of Cordoue under Abd Al-Rahman III, following the example remainder of the caliphate of Cordoue which is fractured, Ceuta returns during one time of decline.
1031: the city falls under control from the Taïfa hammudite from Malaga.
1061: Suqut Al-Bargawati, Wali of Tangier and Ceuta, are proclaimed independent (Berghwata).
1084: the Moroccan dynasty of the Almoravides is established like the new capacity in the area. Youssouf Ben Tashfin, first sovereign almoravide, takes the town of Ceuta, then after several years undertakes the conquest of all the Moslem kingdoms Al Andalus Taifa, and makes reassign the Christian kingdoms established in the north of the Iberian peninsula.
1147: Ceuta is taken by the dynasty of the Almohades, succeeding Almoravides, and which take all North Africa and the half southern of the Iberian peninsula.
1212: Demolished empire of Almohades to the Battle of Mow Navas de Tolosa: Almohades yield their Iberian territories to the Andalusians, reconstitution of the Taîfas kingdoms. Ceuta remains under domination almohade
1232: Transitory catch of the city by Taîfa Andalusian of the Houd Outlaw of Murcie installed in the south-east of Al-Andalus.
1233: Independent city.
1236: the city is taken by the Moroccan dynasty of the Mérinides, new Moslem dynasty having Fes like capital.
1242: the city falls under transitory control from the dynasty from the Hafsides from Tunis.
1249: the local family Azafide expels Hafsides, takes the capacity with Ceuta and fact allegiance with the sultan mérinide.
1291: Signature of the treaty of Monteagudo of mow Vicarías between the Castille and the Aragon. The two close kingdoms share the zones of influence on the Mediterranean: it is decided that Ceuta should be under Castilian influence.
1305: the city is taken by the Nasride kingdom of Grenade, vassal since 1246 of the kingdom of Castille.
1309: the city is taken by the Mérinides with the assistance of the kingdom of Aragon which considers that the treaty of 1291 became null and void: Azafides new are named walis of Ceuta by the sultan of Morocco.
1340: the sultan Abû Al-Hassan Ben `Utman unloads in Ceuta after the defeat of the Marocaines troops, with the Bataille of Salado: end of the Moroccan interventions in the Iberian peninsula.
1384: the kingdom Nasride de Grenade takes Ceuta.
1387: Morocco takes again the city until 1415.

Portuguese and Spanish domination

1415 : the Portugal takes Ceuta with the Kingdom of Morocco. Portugal had consolidated its independence with respect to the kingdom of Castille following the Bataille of Aljubarrota in 1385,30 years after this victory the Portuguese king gave green light to the beginning of colonial forwardings in Africa.
1437: Failure of a Portuguese forwarding against Tangier. Part of the task force is made prisoner and infant it Ferdinand is kept as an hostage. A treaty intervened where the Portuguese obtained to be able to re-embark itself in the condition of returning Ceuta, they left like hostage infant it Ferdinand, to guarantee the execution of this pact, but infant it dies in captivity and the pact will not be respected.
1479: Portugal and Spain sign the Traité of Alcaçovas in which the two powers share the zones of influence on the kingdom of Morocco; Spain recognizes Ceuta like Portuguese possession there and denies to have any historical right on the city.
1494: Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain, the latter recognizes Ceuta like Portuguese possession again.
1509: Spain and Portugal sign the treaty of Capitulation of Curved in which Spain admits for the third time not having any going right on all the Portuguese colonies in the Moroccan coasts of Ceuta until Boujdour.
1580: died of King Sebastien I {{er}} and incorporation of the Portuguese Kingdom like its possessions and colonies with Spanish monarchy.
1640: Portugal forces Spain to recognize its independence, but Ceuta populated by Spaniards is the only Portuguese colony has not to follow in the secession; the city remains under the sovereignty of Philippe IV of Spain.
1668: the Treated of Lisbon between Portugal and Spain guarantees independence of Portugal, but at the price of the official recognition of the membership of Ceuta in Spain.
1694-1724: Moulay Ismail, of the dynasty alaouite, takes several cities under Portuguese and Spanish control in Morocco, and carries out a long seat in front of Ceuta which shows a failure.
1702: the city is attacked by England; Ceuta resists but Gibraltar is conquered in 1704.
1859-1860: Spain declares the war with the Morocco (Guerre of Africa), and widens the borders of Ceuta and Melilla.
1912: Treaty of Algéciras and introduction of Franco-Spanish protectorate on Morocco.
2007: Following the official announcement of the visit of king Juan Carlos of Spain with Ceuta and Melilla November 5th and 6th, it was decided on very high instructions of king Mohammed VI of Morocco, the recall in consultation of the ambassador of Morocco in Spain for one undetermined period.

Statute and administration

Ceuta obtained in 1995 the autonomous statute of city (in Spanish Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta ), intermediate statute between the commune and the autonomous community. Previously, Ceuta belonged to the Province of Cadiz. The enclave is also included in the European Union; before the entry, of Spain in what was then the European Community, in 1986, the city had the statute of Free port. It is today integrated into the European Monetary System, as the remainder of Spain.

Moroccan claims

Since its independence in 1956, Morocco asserts this enclave, just like Melilla and the others Plazas of soberanía. All the members of the African Union, of the Organization of the Islamic conference, the Arab Ligue support the Moroccan claims. These asserted territories do not form however part of the non-self-governing Territoires on standby of Décolonisation.

Is there a source or a list of these monuments which were destroyed? And still a source to allow to affirm that this destruction did have a political goal (to erase the Arab traces of the city)? I also put the question on page of discussion. While waiting, I put a mask on this information. Pontauxchats. -->

Ceuta at the time contemporary

The important differential of productivity of the economies Moroccan and Spanish, in spite of a potential of close natural resource and labor, contributes to create in this area an important flow of Immigré S Clandestin S, towards Europe. In addition, the Contrebande towards the Morocco is intense there, because of the very important differences in taxation on certain products, Ceuta being almost a free zone compared to Spain and in Morocco. The armorial bearings of the city are those of Portugal, pointing out its past Lusitanian.

Twinnings

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