Conjugations in Esperanto

Esperanto uses the simplest conjugation which is: to combine, one adds to the radicals of the verbs a specific and invariable teminaison which informs about the time and the mode of the action.

It should be noted that one can transform any concept into verb using these terminations. Example: the music is beautiful can say the muziko estas bleated , or the muziko bleated ; it plays of the music says Li muzikas .

Basic conjugations

5 terminations (6 with the - I of infinitive) are enough to conjugate a verb:

The personal pronouns are very similar to those of English:

VI indicates following the example " you" as well you as you . However there exists a " tu" = Ci (to pronounce " tsi") employee in certain mediums.
the third nobody of the singular has three personal pronouns: Li (" il"), ŝi (" elle" , to pronounce " chi") and Ĝi (" it (S) " " it (S) " " eux" to pronounce " dji") used like " it" for any object or animal of unspecified sex…
In the plural, this distinction disappears and one uses in all the cases " ili".

The other personal pronouns are Mi (" je") - Nor (" nous") - Oni (" on")

List conjugations

infinitive (suffix - I ): fari (to make) - corresponding to the Infinitive French;
present (suffix - ace ): will faras (that made) - corresponding to the present of the indicative French;
last (suffix - is ): faris (that made) - corresponding to the Preterit, Passé made up or Imparfait of French;
future (suffix - bone ): faros (that will make) - corresponding to the Future of the indicative French;
fictitious (suffix - custom ): farus (that would make) - corresponding to the present Conditionnel French;
volitive (suffix - U ): faru (make! /faites! ) - corresponding to the present of the Subjunctive and the Imperative French.

One can also decline the verbs in participles:

active participles:

p.a. present (suffix - ant- ): faranta (is making)
p.a. last (suffix - int- ): farinta (was making/made)
p.a. future (suffix - have ): faronta (will be making/will make)

And passive participles:

p.p. present (suffix - At ): farata (is being made)
p.p. last (suffix - it- ): farita (was being made/was made)
p.p. future (suffix - ot- ): farota (will be being made/will be made)

Various degrees of conjugation

Simple forms:

Iu faras : Somebody made
Iu faris : Somebody made
Iu faros : Somebody will make
Iu farus : Somebody would make
Iu faru : That somebody makes

Complex forms, of the first degree:

Iu estas faranta : Somebody is making
Iu estas farinta : Somebody made
Iu estas faronta : Somebody is on standby to make (will make)
Iu estis faranta : Somebody was making (made)
Iu estis farinta : Somebody had made
Iu estis faronta : Somebody was on standby to make (having to make)
Iu estos faranta : Somebody will be making
Iu estos farinta : Somebody will have made
Iu estos faronta : Somebody will be on standby to make (having to make)
Iu estus faranta : Somebody would be making
Iu estus farinta : Somebody would have made
Iu estus faronta : Somebody would be on standby to make (would make)
Iu estu faranta : That somebody is making
Iu estu farinta : That somebody made
Iu estu faronta : That somebody is on standby to make (having to make)

The passive participle makes the expression passive:

Ex: Iu estas far-int-a ion (Somebody did something)/ Io estas farita of iu (Something was done by somebody)

To note that forms made up with the second and third degrees are possible.

Ex: Semi estas estinta faronta ion : I was on standby to do something (This highly theoretical form would show that currently, I was in the past, on standby to do something. )

Remark : if " mécaniquement" the passive form is possible with all the verbs, it has direction only with the verbs transitifs.
Thus with: " the lingvo estas degeneranta" (the language is degenerating), the form passivates " mécanique" corresponding would be " the lingvo estas degenerata" '" the language is being dégénérée"), which does not have a direction (or which is faulty, as in French).

Use of made up times

In fact, in the good writers the use of made up times to the active form is extremely rare. One will say simply semi venis , semi slept and not semi estas veninta , semi estis dormanta or even semi estis veninta . In while I came , the incompletion of the action is marked twice in French: by “while” and by the imperfect one, Esperanto is satisfied to do it once: dum semi venis . In the same way, if pluperfect marks anteriority in I acted as it had been advised to me , the context is almost always enough to give this precision: in I had acted as it had been advised to me , the two verbs are with pluperfect and no one will not hesitate over the chronology.

One can read besides at Kalocsay and Waringhien ( Plena Analiza Gramatiko , Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 4th edition Rotterdam 1980, p. 112):

“ But such constructions is felt like doors; since 1888 Zamenhof qu'" informed; one should use the forms made up only when the direction requires it absolument". Beaufront did not take account of this council but thereafter, under the influence of Kabe which always avoided them, one was useful oneself about it the least possible. Most of the time the simple forms are applied. ”

It does not go from there in the same way for the passive form where there exist only made up times. (This situation gave rise to the quarrel - ATA - ita , sliced by the Académie of Esperanto here forty years.) However, the passive form is much employed than the active form, since initially it relates to only the transitive verbs, and that " oni" (" on") having all its place in the even constant language, the active form - practically always possible - is often preferred: (" the aktiva formo estas preferata" more readily " will be said; oni preferred the aktivan formon" = " the form active" is preferred;).

Let us note also the nonrare use of the participle treated like an adjective according to the model: " the flower is beautiful: the floro estas bleated = the floro belas":

I would have had…: semi estus devinta… = semi devintus…

Note

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