Complex German militaro-industrialist - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

The Complexe German militaro-industrialist functioned with full during both World wars. From evolutionary form, it passes from the Konzern associated with the shell and arms dealers with the Ruhr in 1914, form taken by middle-class capitalism related to rich person families associated with the Prussian and military aristocracy, with a sector of the armament integrated by the Nazis including/understanding of the originators of state-of-the-art technologies into 1945 which will interest the winners of the second world war.

First World War

The complex is located geographically in the houillières of the the Ruhr essentially; it is associated with the metallurgical production of mass ensured by the financing of capitalist big families leaving the monopolistic concentration obtained by the Industrial revolution: this Rhenish Capitalism structure the Konzern, vertical and horizontal integrations related to all the sector of coal and steel.

Production of guns:

Krupp Ag, Thyssen and Preussag, related to the Metallurgy in the basin of the the Ruhr
an example: the Large Bertha

Second world war

Components

submarines: 26 types of U-boote were elaborate bound for the German navy to deliver the underwater war, carried out by Karl Dönitz, at the time of the battles of the Atlantic.
the Chemistry: IG Farben in which Carl Bosch takes part, sadly celebrates for its production of Zyklon-B.
the Tank: Porsche, Hanomag (), Rheinmetall, Krupp, Henschel, MAN and Daimler Benz…
the airframe manufacturers: Heinkel, Junkers, Focke-Wulf and Messerschmitt…

The armament infantryman

Having introduced the Panzerfaust to bore the shieldings, the German engineers did not have the primacy of the subject since American had introduced before the Bazooka into their equipment of heavy infantryman. This weapon anti-tank device equipped Volksgrenadier in turn then the Volkssturm, of which it became one of the last means of actions when the Red Army entered the capital in the storm of the Bataille of Berlin.

The die Panzerkampfwagen

See also: Panzer#Modèles

The German engineers are distinguished in an increase from Filière in order to develop the armaments to guarantee the victories of the Heer in Wehrmacht. They manufacture Avion S and make evolve/move the principle of the Tank, vehicle tracked which the British had introduced with the face under this code name ( tank in English). The German manufacturers group around official orders, such creation of the Panzer I and its Industrialization, dissimulated at the beginning under the name farm pain-killer of tractor . This light and operational tank was preferred with the heavy tanks which were contemporary for him, with several turrets and much less mobile (similar to the Char B-1bis French), because it made it possible to concretize the Blitzkrieg developed by the strategists.

After the Agreements of Munich, the Nazi S put the hand on the Czech Filière of production of tanks, Škodovy závody , and integrate it into their complex of production with the blessing of Jozef Tiso. The tanks are subscripted T like Czech 35 (T) and 38 (T) and their production lines continue. They will provide a considerable quota at the time of the Bataille of Warsaw, the Bataille of France and until the Opération Barbarossa, after which they will be replaced by more recent generations of Blindé S.

Panzer were employed by imaginative commanders, mitigating by the tactics of the situations of numerical inferiority; one can quote the employment which makes Rommel its guns of 88 mm during the first exchanges of the Guerre of the desert to use its light tanks like pickups in order to bring the average tanks Matilda of the VIIIe armed, so problems with their panels of side shielding, with range of the anti-aircraft guns used in horizontal shooting. The 88 snuffed by the fox of the desert were later adapted directly on Tigers I and II once the size of the frame authorized it.

This Filière will show its technical superiority until the appearance of the Char T-34, very bad surprise on the face of the East since it outclassed Panzer IV which formed the spearhead of the Panzerdivision in at the time of its appearance. The generals who were confronted with this Soviet tank requested even from their hierarchy the formation of military Unités German tank crew members equipped with T-34! It was the end of the Blitzkrieg, the following categories were going to go up in weight; the units of tank crew members were then reorganized in the Mot Pulk until large the Bataille of Koursk.

The engineers systematically developed derivatives starting from the frames of all the introduced generations of Panzerkampfwagen:

Motorized example of of Artillery: Wespe (wasp) , on frame of Panzer II -;
examples of Canon of attack: Brummbär (grizzly) , on frame of Panzer IV - or Sturmtiger (Sturmmörser = mortar of attack) , on frame of Panzer VI - tiger ;
example of Hunter of tanks: Jagdpanzer V, on frame of Panzer V panther .

Towards the end of the war, the companies of the C.M.I consisted the Nazi S had passed the 5 tons of the panzer I to the monstrous Panzerkampfwagen VI Königstiger and its 70 tons. With the state of prototype the Maus was met which was destroyed by the Soviet army, a gigantic armoured tank which had sacrificed the swiftness to the shielding and the firepower, absorbing enormous quantities of gasoline in its displacements. Titan of a weight of 188 tonnes, it acted of the generation Panzerkampfwagen VIII , which completed the die; the technique had exceeded the realism of the ground, the Nazi Germany being for two years private of access to the oil fields which would have allowed him an effective employment such armaments.

The aeronautical die

Taking again the multiplans Fokker employed by the flotilla of the red Baron with the top of the trenches at the time of the preceding conflict, of the aeronautical engineers of talent among which Willy Messerschmitt manufactures planes and pushes back the technological barriers. German arrives to a situation of outclassing of European huntings, introducing new concepts the such bomber in piqué (Stuka) which uses the ground of the war of Spain to carry out its first tests in 1937. Too much not very fast vis-a-vis Spitfire and in English Hurricanes during the Battle England, it disappears gradually. The hunter emblématique produces by the industry of the armament Nazi is the Messerschmitt Bf 109; which the Focke-Wulf (length-nose) is added which surprised the British pilots at the time of the Débarquement of Dieppe. The bad surprise did not cease for the Allies after 1944 with the appearance of the first jet fighter widely diffused in operations, the Messerschmitt 262. Fortunately produced in too negligible quantities, the groups of bombers flying on the Grande Germany could not anything vis-a-vis its speed. Obsessed by the revanchism with the address of the English enemy, Hitler ordered his employment like fighter-bomber killer of tanks, which was a strategic awkwardness since American did not align hunters of technology equivalent to the same moment.

In a less significant way, it should be noted that Blohm & Voss developed a die of constructions of Hydravion S by continuing the factory of the Hamburger Flugzeugbau on Elba. One of them was neutralized by the Allies whereas the apparatus Nazi considered his employment for an escape in the last months of the war in Europe. This war rang the knell of the use of this type of planes in a military context.

The ballistic die

Small secret center of tests of Peenemünde since 1937 were elaborate the flying bombs precursor of the drones without human intervention with the rocket with level flight V1 and the missile V2 (the first Ballistic missile) which started again during an amount of time the terror of the Blitz on London by new destruction.

V2 were built in a factory distinct from the center of tests, under the prison system of production founded by the Nazis (a prison camp coupled to an production unit buried in order to continue in spite of the bombardments). This factory produced 45 V-2 per month at the end of the war. The living conditions of the prisoners being similar to the survivors in the complexes of extermination, it was estimated that the production of V-2 because more victims than their employment on the whole.

Single machines used in a logic of industrial production of scale, the other machines remained about it in 1945 with the situation of test on the drawing table or did not leave the phases of test, except less known machines the such Kramer X4.

Work of Wernher von Braun had drawn the attention of the American secret services; this scientist symbolizes with him only the scientific sector and the sectoral innovation placed by the Nazis with the service of deadly weapons and of destruction, which was re-used with the same knowledge by the two victorious camps at the conclusion of the world war.

Remained on the theoretical and experimental level, the project of bends German did not have any effective concretization, though it was carried out indeed. Extremely fortunately for the allied forces, in a hurry to finish some as much. To read race with the bomb .

A tool of Propaganda

In order to compensate for the myth of the invincibility of Wehrmacht chipped in the second part of the war, the propagandist S of State made use of the existence of the technological innovation in the sector of the armament, become national pride, to propagate rumors of secret weapons which were going to reverse the course of the war. Whereas obviously all was lost, one still found Germans among the civil population, and this until the last hours of the conflict, to await the phantasm of occurred of diabolic machines, inexplicably left in reserve.

Dismantling

The Industry of the armament in time of war, hardened by the turning taken by the form of All-out war and wear of the Resources, gave the very particular shape of framing of the workmen in load of the production of the weapons. The submitted people found themselves in factories of assembly under conditions close to serfdom, the factories being coupled with districts of dwelling built like camps of work. The bombardments of factory by the allied flying fortresses concentrating, the strategic factories of material had ended up being underground: it is for example the case for the production site of Gilded-Mittelbau, which is located in a network of tunnels under the mountain of Kohnstein at Nordhausen and brings together ten thousand workers under testing conditions related to this environment; 2900 died in these forced labors of October 1943 in March 1944. Though this factory deeply hidden under the solid mass of the Harz was never bombarded by the Allies, the bombardments managed all the same to harm significantly the potential of renewal of the Arsenal of the IIIe Reich as from the year 1944.

The identifier like fauteuse of War crimes, the Allies dismantled this industry of the armament and took care to put an end to its harmfulness during the period of the zones of occupation in Germany. Certain captains of industry passed in judgment at the time of the Procès of Nuremberg. The consortium of chemical industry Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie was burst in five companies per trade: Agfa, BASF, Hoechst, Bayer AG, Dynamit Nobel. Fritz Thyssen was deposed, and the trust Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG was dismantled: remote heiress of the empire Krupp, ThyssenKrupp AG is today a manufacturer of ascenceurs as well as a foundation investing in pictorial art. The engineers in ballistics were transferred by the two Large ones at the time of the Opération Paperclip (as well as an equivalent step Soviet side) in manpower which were going to clash in the race with Space the following decade: the USSR as the USA had thus “their Germans” to clash in the field of technological competition.

Posterity of the complex German militaro-industrialist

the USA: Joint Intelligence Objective Agency
the USSR: Department 7, operations scientific

Nowadays

After having with following the Cold war as from 1955 was partly reactivated, the Industrie of the armament in West Germany one of most powerful of Europe and was again built since material of excellent invoice the such Léopard 2 and the Tornado. After the German Reunification and the end of the cold war, it was constracté in a spectacular way as it was the case in the other countries of Europe.

With the beginning of the year 1990, nearly 280.000 people were employed in this sector; in 2007, there is not more than 70.000.

See too

References

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