Complejidad

See also: Guyana (homonymy)

The Guyana ( 973 ) is a area and a department of overseas (DOM-TOM) French of South America. With its: 86504 km ² of Surface, Guyana are largest the French department and most wooded with 96  % of the covered territory of a Equatorial forest which remains among richest and less ecologically fragmented of the world. This Equatorial forest is a primary forest with the amazing biodiversity, protected by a new whole National park and six natural reserves.

It is moreover the only French territory and of the European Union of the South American sub-continent.

Its official name is Guyana. The addition of the adjective French in the current denominations is a convenience of language resulting from the colonial period, whereas existed three Guyanes : the Guyana (Guyana British), the Suriname (Guyana Dutchwoman) and the French Guiana.

Origin of the name

The term “Guyana” is of origin Indigène. In the Dialect Guanao, i.e. that of the Indian population of the delta of the Orénoque, GUAI would mean “name”, “denomination”, YANA is a negation. From where Guayana which is still the Italian term to indicate the solid mass of Guyanes. “Guyana” would like to thus say “without name”, “what one cannot name”. Guyana would be thus the ground “which one does not dare to name”, “crowned ground”, “the house to be it supreme”.

To this divinity the legend of the Eldorado would be attached ( gilded the ) which was not born from an insane European covetousness, but of the Superstition S Indigène S. Paradoxalement, the term of Guyana would be thus a name worthy of this Éden, a long time mysterious, terrestrial paradise dreamed by the ones, green hell undergone by the others.

History

See also: History of Guyana (France)

Neither paradise, nor hell, Guyana is a small piece of the immense Amazon forest, an old French colony. Guyana obtained the statute of overseas department the March 19th 1946. The forest abounds in richnesses but one needs sweat and obstinacy to collect them. During three centuries, colonial France, being unaware of realities, made the experiment of successive failures and, by spite, condemned Guyana to accommodate its proscribed.

It remains famous for its bagne of Cayenne which made its disaster reputation. Persuaded that the Devil does not try the man who works, the French company of the XIXe century imagined the bagne of Cayenne. From 1852, more 70  000 condemned left for Guyana. Death and despair awaited the prisoners in the forest; 3  % only survived. France awaited prisoners who they were also colonists. But it was a failure. The closing of the bagne was obtained, after the second world war, following the publication of 27 articles of Albert London and under the impulse of Gaston Monnerville. It is in 1938 that the last convoy of convicts travelled towards Guyana but it is only in 1945 that the constituent Assembly decided to repatriate the survivors who wished it (very little remained). The operation took 8 years.

Current populations

The exact number of inhabitants is not known, because in particular of the presence of thousands of clandestine, for the majority employed with the research of gold. INSEE estimates the population at: 200000, coming from 80 countries, with today forty nationalities, of which:

  • Creole S Guianese (approximately 40  % of the population)

  • Amerindian divided into six ethnos groups (the Arawaks, the Palikur S, the Kali' Na, the Wayanas, the Wayampis, and the Swivels). They represent approximately 4  500 people.
  • Maroon Blacks, (the Saramaca S, the Paramaca S, the Profit S or Aluku S, the Djuka S or Bosche S). They represent approximately 4  000 people.
  • the H' mongs, arrived on September 6th, 1977, represent approximately 2  000 people gathered on the communes of Roura (Cocoa village) and Mana (village of Javouhey).
  • the Subways represent currently approximately 12  % of the population.
  • the other populations (Chinese, Lebanon board, Brazil iens, Haiti ens, Surinamais, Guyaniens, Hindustani S, Javanese of Suriname, Peruvian, etc) represent close to 40  % of the population of Guyana.

The foreign population in irregular situation (clandestine) is estimated between: 30000 and: 50000 people, in addition to: 200000 indexed inhabitants.

With the August 7th 2006, according to Survival, “in the part Amazonia of the French department of Guyana live today some ten thousand Amerindians of which the rights to the collective ownership their grounds, on which they were formerly sovereign, are still not recognized”.

The rate of official Chômage oscillates around 29,5  %.

Among the Farmer S, one counts H' mongs which cultivate inter alia the fruits, the Manioc and make Maraîchage.

Administration

Guyana is at the same time a administrative area and a department French of overseas (DOM) whose prefecture is Cayenne. It constitutes with the Guadeloupe and the Martinique, located in the the Antilles, the French departments of America (DFA).

It is one of the seven ultraperipheric areas of the European Union.

Infrastructure

Policy

See also: Political in Guyana

  • Personalities of Guyana
    • Appointed of Guyana
    • List of the general advisers of Guyana
  • Political parties in Guyana

Geography

See also: Geography of Guyana

Guyana is especially known to accommodate, in the town of Kourou, the National center of space studies (CNES), the Guianese Space center (CSG) (launching base of the fused ARIANE and European civil launcher of satellite S commercial).

At the 19th century and the beginning of the {{XXe}}, it was especially known like place of deportation of the Bagnard S condemned to the forced labors to the Bagne of Cayenne. The bagne was abolished but there remains buildings with the Îles of the Hello, Saint-Laurent-of-Maroni the, etc

Guyana is frontier Brésil (on 730  km) and of the Suriname (on 510  km). It has a equatorial Climat. Its chief town is Cayenne. Only the coastal strip is easily accessible, the remainder of the territory is covered by a dense Equatorial forest, essentially a primary, accessible Forêt only by river way or air.

Environment, Fauna, flora, Forest

See also: Biodiversity of Guyana

This area is among richest of the world as regards Biodiversité as well Animal E as vegetable. The environment of the littoral fringe is that which, along the RN1, knew the most modifications.

The wet Forêt of Guyana paradoxically opened out on one of the poorest ground S of the world, in Azote, Potassium, Phosphore and organic matters. For this reason, and because this zone preserved always refuges for all its species at the time of the dry periods or terrestrial glaciation, this forest shelters single ecosystem S which are among richest and most fragile of the world; very old primary tropical forests, Mangrove S, Savanna S, Inselberg S and many types of wetlands.

The Acidité of the grounds is also at the origin of this mediocrity of the Guianese grounds. It constrained the farmers with To lime the fields, and led to the traditional mode of agriculture on Brûlis: ashes take part in the rise in the Potentiel hydrogen (pH) in addition to the contribution of Rock salt.

One can however note that sites of Terra lent (grounds Anthropogénique S) were discovered on the territory, in particular close to the border with the Brésil. Research is actively undertaken by multiple actors of disciplines to determine the mode of creation of these richest grounds of planet. The assumption was advanced that the existence even of the tropical forest must with these intelligent human interventions of last (see the article Terra lent), where the Brûlis (" slash-and-burn ") was replaced by the Charbonnage (" slash-and-tank ").

5  500 plant species were indexed, including more than one thousand of trees, 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, 430 fish species and 109 species of Amphibians. The micro-organisms would be much more numerous still, in particular in the north which competes with Brazilian Amazonia, Borneo and Sumatra. This only French department shelters at least 98  % of vertebrate fauna and 96  % of the vascular plants of France.

The threats which weigh on the ecosystem are the fragmentation by the roads, which remains very limited compared to the other forests of South America, the impacts immediate and differed from the Barrage from Small-jump of EDF, from the Orpaillage (Opération Anaconda in Guyana), from a chaotic hunting and Braconnage facilitated by the creation of many tracks and the appearance of the quads. The forestry development remains moderate because of the lack of road, port and the difficulty of the climate and the relief. An ordinance of July 28th, 2005 extended the French forest code to Guyana, but with adaptations and exemptions important. In an approach which wants to be durable, concessions or transfers free can be granted by territorial collectivities or other moral persons for their use by people drawing raditionnellement their subsistence from the forest, but the means used not being always the traditional means, and the ecosystem Guianese being vulnerable, the impacts of the exploitation or hunting could be important.

Half of the French biodiversity is in Guyana: 29  % of the plants, 55  % of the vertebrate superiors (mammalian, birds, fish…) and until 92  % of the insects! All that in only one department of… 91  000 km ². A national park and six natural reserves work with the safeguarding of mediums and species as various as single.

The beaches of the natural reserve of the Amana constitute for the marine tortoises an exceptional site of big shot (one of most important on a world level).

Guianese personalities

Economy

See also: Economy of Guyana, Cost of living in French Guiana

The Economy of Guyana is heavily dependant on the support of the remainder of France and space industry. There exists little of direct air lines bound for the other countries of the South America, put with share the Brésil and the Suriname. However, it is possible to go in the remainder of America by making stopover to Point-with-Clown (Guadeloupe) or to Fort-de-France (Martinique).

Demography

See also: Demography of Guyana

In July 2006, the population of Guyana was estimated at: 199500. It is in strong growth, since it was only of 115  000 in 1990 and: 157000 in 1999 (: 600000 according to a high assumption), because of a strong growth rate natural (surplus of the births on the deaths) and under the effect of an important immigration (often clandestine) coming from the countries bordering (Brazil, Guyana, Haiti, Suriname…). This one is justified by the gold, a advanced health system, powerful schools, a État-providence generous (RMI and Family benefits in particular), as well as gravitational wages.

Culture

See also: Culture of the French Guiana, Creole Guianese, Carnival of Guyana, Manioc in Guyana, List of the media of Guyana, Dances in Guyana, Guianese Gastronomy

Sport

Languages

The Langue Officiel it of Guyana is the French. But many other local languages exist. Thus, the official regional languages are the Créole Guianese, 6 Amerindian languages (arawak, Palikur, kali' Na, wayana, wayampi, swivel), 4 maroon black dialects (Saramaca, paramaca, Boni, Djuka), as well as the hmong. Lastly, the other communities forming a considerable part of the population daily speak the Portuguese, the Chinese, the Créole Haitian, the Spanish , the English, etc the dialects black chestnuts, spoken by Surinamais and Busi-Nengue as a whole, is gathered under the name of “Sranan tongo” (the language of the Suriname) or of “taki taki” (of English “talk talk”), but this last term can have a pejorative connotation.

Armed forces in Guyana

  • 3 {{E}} Foreign Régiment of Infantry (3rd REI) of Kourou (Foreign legion)
  • 9 {{E}} Régiment of Marines (9th RIMa) of Cayenne
  • the gendarmes of the other territories of France makes some two years periods which are very formative and give right a rate doubled for the points of retirement.
  • 3° RSMA (regiment of the adapted military service) of Cayenne

One also notes detachments of other army corps:

  • group of the air force based to air base 367 of the airport of Rochambeau
  • the group of the national marine based at the naval base of Dégrad of Cannes
  • the detachment of the firemen from Paris in Cayenne and Kourou to supervise the Guianese Space center

Codes

The French Guiana has as codes:

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