Company of the seasons

Note: SAP = Company of the Friends of the People. SDH = Company of the Human rights. SDF = Company of the Families. SDS = Company of the Seasons

Origins

Precursors

Babeuf and " The Club of Egaux".

François - Nöel Babeuf]] (known as Camille or Gracchus, (1760 - 1797). Resulting from a poor family, he exerts the trade of land-surveyor first of all, then of geometrician in an architect. He publishes a " Register Universel" in 1789-1790, where he proposes, the first, an income tax and a single tax on land. Appointed administrator of Montdidier, responsible for the sale of the national goods (after having been it with Raye in 1790-1791); it must flee this city and take refuge in Paris in 1793 when the commune appoints it secretary of the Committee of Subsistence. Communist before the letter, it creates " The Powerful orator of Peuple" in which it develops levelling ideas. It signs as from this moment its articles under the name of Gracchus Babeuf. It founds " The Club of Equal or Panthéon" , with former Jacobins but the club dissolved in 1795 and is replaced at once by a clandestine committee (the Committee of Equal) which conspires against the Directory. Its members are denounced, stopped, then condemned to death. He stabs himself in front of his judges and dies on May 27th, 1797 with Vendôme.

Michel-Philippe Buonarroti, (Pisa, 1761 - Geneva, 1837). Young student in literature, it supports with strength the ideas of the French revolution. Taken refuge in Corsica, it publishes there a newspaper entitled the Friend of Italian Freedom which gives an opinion against Paoli]]. In February 1792, it goes to Paris. Allowed at the Company of the Jacobins , it made known there for its Republican heat. Stopped after Thermidor 9, it will remain in prison until the 17 vendémiaire An IV. After this date, it adheres to the Company " Panthéon" he is elected President. He binds with Babeuf of which he is the collaborator in his Conspiration of equal the .

He again is stopped and translated before the high court of Vendôme, condemned to the deportation and imprisoned at the height Cherbourg before being sent in Year VIII to the island of Oléron. The monitoring having been finally raised in 1806, it is exiled in Geneva where it professes the literature. The thirty last years of its life are neither the least astonishing nor the least fertile. Under cover of freemasonry, it unceasingly organizes networks of secret societies through France and Italy, and even all Europe, without never losing sight of the fact the ideal babouvist of levelling Communism. He is moreover the first “professional revolutionist”. Moreover, the Blanqui young person, will be definitively influenced by his meeting with the old man (of the consent even of the first).

Skilfully, Buonarroti changes stay with the liking of police curiosities, passing from Geneva to Brussels and Brussels to Paris (where he will die on Sept. 15, 1837),

Founders

Founding members of the Company of the Seasons, Barbès prepares the insurrection of May 12th, 1839 with Blanqui and Martin Bernard. Three republicans of the same vein, of the same generation, that of the revolutionary combat against the monarchy of July to the time of their youth, but from which the routes diverged then. Martin Bernard, Blanqui and Barbès, are generation of the secret societies. They knew lawsuit and the prisons. If these three figures resemble each other so much, how to explain to it (only) radiation of Barbs and Blanqui? Why did they become of the emblematic figures of the republican movement?

Barbs

Armand Barbès, Sigismond Auguste (1809-1870) is man the two day old

that of May 12th, 1839 per which the republicans of the Seasons try to reverse Louis-Philippe,

that of May 15th, 1848, by which the militants of the clubs try to impose their law on the provisional government

Called by its admirors, " the conspirator out-pair" and the " Bayard of the democracy, " Barbs is today, the paradigm of the " revolutionist romantique" type of the nineteenth century, courageous, generous, and democratic true, but also as a recent source distinguishes it: " a man of action without programme." This future plague of establishement the (Marx) is born in a middle-class family from Point-with-Clown, Guadeloupe, the 18 seven 1809. His/her father, military surgeon of Carcassonne (Aude), veteran of the countryside of Egypt, transferred in Guadeloupe in 1801, will remain there until the fall of the empire. The family returned to Carcassonne, the oldest son of the doctor receives there in 1830, her revolutionary baptism. At 20 years, Armand, in possession of a fiber republican, as strong as early and of an imposing physique, was selected to carry out the local battalion of the national guard during the revolution of 1830. Battalion which his/her father equipped with his own pocket. By chance, it is not wounded. The following year Armand goes up to Paris to study medicine, but the sight of blood, counterirritates it. Also, like the hero of Flaubert, Frederic Moreau, it launches out, body and heart, in the Right. And, like this same hero, his parents die, leaving him a large heritage , if large that Barbès, released of the need for working is finally free to subject itself to the great passion of its life: to conspire to reverse the mode in place" and in fact, the Monarchy of July.

1834, its adhesion with the Société Human rights is worth in Barbès its first arrest.

Released, at the beginning of 1835, it is used as lawyer to the 164 republican defendants put in charge for the insurrection of 1834; in July 1835, it will help twenty eight of them to escape from Holy-Pelagie, the Parisian prison “reserved for the policies”.

1834, the SDH is hardly dismantled by the police force that, Barbès founds 'transitory the " Company of the avengers followed, the following year, by the Company of the Families. Company of which it composes the oath adhesion required passage for all the conspiring candidates. (see note).

It was the beginning of its long and tumultuous “collaboration” with Blanqui.

on March 10th, 1836, Barbs and Blanqui are stopped by the police force, charging with the cartridges in the apartment which they divided in Paris. Barbs condemned to one year of imprisonment, amnestied in 1837 will remain some time, in family with Carcassonne, where it erects scaffolding the plans of a secret new business and writes the booklet which will remain its only contribution to the revolutionary literature, " Some words with those which have in favor of the Proletarians without travail."

Gone back to Paris in 1838, Barbs joint with Blanqui to still form another republican secret society, the very proletarian " Company of the Seasons ". One knows the continuation…

The `treason' of Barbs

But, it is true that released of prison in 1848, Barbès seems to be itself placed at the disposal of the moderate revolutionists; constantly seeking to thwart Blanqui. Advised by Lamartine, it forms the club of the Revolution to counter the insurrectionary republican Centrale prudently of Blanqui, famous: Central republican Company .

Elected at the constituent assembly of April 23rd, 1848, Barbs, with the extreme left of the hemicycle, will represent its department of origin, the Aude. Its parliamentary career was short, because on May 15th, of the demonstrators invade the assembly, under the pretext of present a petition inviting the government has to imply itself more for the release of the Poland.

Barbs, in the beginning opposed to the demonstration, initially tried to disperse crowd, but it seems to have lost the head by seeing Blanqui in the assembly. In an effort to take the head of the demonstration vis-a-vis its enemy , it diverts the riot towards the town hall, where a new republic, more radical, would be proclaimed. True balloon of goldbeater's skin, the insurrection “deflated” itself with the arrival of the national guard which will stop Barbès.

Later, Karl Marx will write in the “Class struggles in France”: " May 12th the proletariat sought in vain to take again its revolutionary influence and only succeeded has to deliver energetic chiefs to the geôliers of the bourgeoisie." Modern historians were much less pleasant: Georges Duveau qualified the event " of tragic and absurd joke not having, upon the departure, no chance of aboutir".

It will thus know all the jails. Those of Louis-Philippe (of 1836 to 1837, 1839 to 1848), of the Second Republic and the Second Empire (of 1848 to 1854).

1848, will be “last fighting” for " the conspirator except pair." Condemned the life imprisonment in 1849, Barbès was released by Napoleon III in 1854. But, it never returned to France, being withdrawn in a voluntary exile with $the Hague, where it died on June 26th, 1870, a few weeks before the republic does not succeed the second empire, event which would have it, without any doubt, delighted beyond tout' (Bernard Martin, correspondence).

Blanqui

Auguste Blanqui - Louis, born on February 8th, 1805 with Puget-Théniers (VAr at the time, the Alpes-Maritimes auj.). It makes studies of Right then of Medicine to finish in Charbonnerie in 1825. November 19th, 1829, it is wounded at the time of the riot of Fg Saint-Anthony. One finds it on the barricades of July 1830. In parallel, it organizes Republican Circles.

1831, it founds " The Company of the Friends of Peuple".

Accused in " The Business of the 15" in 1832, he is condemned to one year of prison, then stopped again in 1836 in " The Business of Poudres".

He creates into 1837/1838 " The Company of Saisons" with Barbs and the insurrection of May 12th, 1839 directs. Decree six months later and condemned to dead on May 31st, 1840, it is pardoned and its sorrow commuted to perpetual detention. It is transferred from many times of prisons in prisons, of hospital in hospital.

Released by the Revolution of February 1848, it takes a big part with the fight carried out by the republican clubs in particular to the Central Republican Société where it claims continuation of the concrete measures: the armament of paid and recognition of the right of coalition. Following the demonstration at the Parliament in favor of the Poland it is stopped and condemned to 10 years of reclusion to Belle-Île.

Released in 1859, then again stopped and condemned in June 1861; he escapes in 1865 and takes an active share on August 14th, 1870, in the business of " Villette". He founds the same year the newspaper " The Fatherland in Danger".

More still than Barès, Blanqui will remain like the man of the secret societies . Organizer of several revolutionary attempts, he is also the theorist of the taken of weapons , affirming that a minority of organized revolutionists can and, therefore, must seize the capacity and exert a true dictatorship to transform the company. Heir to the Jacobins, it precedes in that: " Dictatorship of Prolétariat".

He “Is also locked up”, the 'Eternal locked up paying of more than thirty-three years of prison his revolutionary heat. At the end of the Empire, its reputation of theorist and man of action attracts part of republican youth. Georges Clémenceau is of these young people who will visit the Old man: “I keep in me unforgettable lessons of Blanqui with Holy-Pelagie, where I received the first shock of the black rays which darted thinned down white face”. The Commune is claimed of him and Thiers will refuse to exchange it against hostages, showing the price which it attaches to its captivity. Lastly, the blanquism , which is one of the components of socialism reappearing after 1879-1880, ensures him of the disciples which spread its ideas and are, after him, the guards of his memory.

Martin Bernard

No doubt, this `' large republican'', enjoys a deficit of estime' : how to explain its least notoriety, whereas it however underwent with merit the test of the vote for all; whereas he was administrator of the Second Republic. What is worth to him not to appear in the the republican Pantheon? Would it be about a premium to “Parisian” or then, with the most intransigent revolutionists? Or worse, because it was not Q' a simple workman??

Biography : Martin Bernard, Montbrison 1808 - Paris, 1883.

studies with the small seminar of Glass, the Loire

1826: training of the trade of type-setter of printing works in Montbrison then in Paris

1831 Adhesion with the ideas of Saint-Simon then of Pierre Leroux

1833 Takes part in the strike of the Parisian printers

1834 Article in the republican Revue .

1835 Defender of shown April 1835

1836 Decree at the time of the Plot of the powders: discharged.

1837 secret Officer of the company of the Seasons.

1839, May 12th: insurrection of the Seasons. Judgment with the deportation by the Court of the Pars and detention to the Mont Saint-Michel

1844 Transfer to the citadel of Doullens

1847 Takes part in the Campagne of the banquets

1848 Libéré by the Revolution of February. General police chief of the provisional government. Elected official representing of the people in the Loire. President of the republican Solidarity

1849 Re-elected representing of the people in the Loire. after the failure of the day of June 13rd it is exiled in England (1849-1850) where it takes again its trade of workman printer.

Then stays in Switzerland and in the Netherlands

1860 Return to Paris. Gasman

1861 Publication of Ten years of prison to the Mount Saint-Michel and the citadel of Doullens

1870 Undergoes the Siège of Paris

1871 appointed Elected official republican of the Seine, takes part in the attempts at mediation between Versailles and the Commune.

Sit at the Parliament with the radicals of Louis Blanc

1876, Bernard beaten with the legislative elections in the Loire

1880 Retraite at the private hospital Dubois in Paris where he will die in 1883.

Barbs and Blanqui

Thus, for reasons which sometimes meet (the sacrifice of their freedom agreed by the two men) or differ on the level from the doctrines and the characters, these two great figures belong indeed to the republican Pantheon where they profit both from a reputation of intransigent revolutionists, ever started by the inevitable compromises required by the exercise of the capacity. The two men who côtoient themselves since 1836 learned how well to know each other. Barbs, perhaps more reflected, is fascinated by Blanqui, romantic, intrepid but terribly inconsistent not to say unconscious. In addition to this fascination, it côtoie, also, while hoping, not to control it (what would be impossible) but at least to channel it. In truth, it has some secretly, fear. And admittedly that for the majority, Barbès was misled in all the blows by his/her large “friend” Blanqui (its evil genius?). March 10th, 1836, Barbs and Blanqui are stopped by the police force charging with the cartridges in the apartment which they divided, street of Oursine, in Paris ( business of the powders ). Barbs condemned to one year of imprisonment, is amnestied in 1837. There remains a certain time in family in Carcassonne.

Returned in Paris in 1838, it joint with Blanqui to form another secret society, the Company of the Seasons . In 1839, this Company, much more proletarian counts approximately nine hundred members and on May 12th, it feels enough strong to try a coup d'etat in Paris. Four hundred insurgent manages to briefly occupy the Assemblée, the Town hall and the Law courts , but the number and the weapons are lacking to them.

The failure of the coup d'etat of 1839 brings the Barbès divorce - Blanqui. What will harm deeply the extreme left at the time of the revolution of 1848 but also much later.

Blanqui, first chief of this blow, seems to have believed that Barbès, which had remained with the variation during a certain time, had finished, exhausted by being discouraged, more than his/her insurgent comrades.

In fact, released of prison in 1848, Barbès seems to be placed at the disposal of the moderate revolutionists in order to thwart Blanqui. Guided by Lamartine, it forms the club of the Revolution to counter the insurrectionary central Société of Blanqui prudently renamed: central republican Company .

Appointed Colonel of the national guard of the twelfth district, Barbès carries out its troops, on April 16th against a working demonstration carried out by Louis Blanc and Blanqui. The workmen required a more active social program and especially the adjournment of the elections to the constitutive National Assembly, all close relations. The demonstrators had a presentiment of that if the government did not have time " of instruire" the provincial ones, the new assembly would be dominated by the Parisian conservatives.

In March 1848 the hostility between Barbs and Blanqui bursts at the great day with the publication by the Taschereau journalist of an alleged document (drawn from the files of police force…) and which would prove that Blanqui had betrayed his/her conspiring comrades in 1839. A good number of historians, judge now highly probable that this document is " a forgery diffused (in the form of escapes) by the gouvernement" to destabilize Blanqui. Barbs, seems to him to accept the authenticity of this document, which will cause " terrible divisions" among the extreme left, divisions always present at the end of the century.

the two men who in a few years will be able from there to be wary one of the other, will end up hating themselves: confrontation of two characters, two logics but also after-effects of the bad blows (insurrectionary) .

submits these reports/ratios of Them are complex and difficult to seize, of outside and so tardily. To try to seize them, one could bring them closer, all things considered, of the reports/ratios rather ambiguous binding François Mitterrand and Michel Rocard or in the other camp, Chirac and Sarkozy. With each one to appreciate…

History and Organization

the Carboneria comprised 9 ranks and the direction was made up of a small number of initiates who directed all the others while taking care, for safety reasons, to remain to them unknown, from where the everyday usage of pseudonyms. It drew its symbols and its ritual of the trades of wood, it was organized in sales which gathered in sales mothers. it used words and secret signs of recognition and, an encrypted writing for the correspondences between the sales… The vertical and strongly partitioned organization made correspond the various degrees of initiation to as many political projects. Between them, the carbonari were called " Cousins" goods; or " Amis" goods;.
1831, Blanqui founds " The Company of the Friends of Peuple" who makes following his Republican Cercles .
" 'In 1833, there is with, more than one hundred secret societies gangrènent Paris which cannot mais" of it;. Vidocq.

1833, seven-Oct.: Reorganization of the SDH with mountain prevalence, after several months of internal conflicts between " Of Gironde " (with Raspail) and " Mountain dwellers " (with Napoleon Lebon). Within the Company is founded a Committee of propaganda in charge of the instruction and organized labor. It gathers neo-babouvists like Napoleon Lebon, Buonarroti and Marc Voyer d' Argenson, as well as workmen like the tailor Alphonse Grignon and shoe-maker Z. Efrahem. Several of its members will be imprisoned in November like " instigators of coalitions of workmen ".

The SDH founds a Lyons section and publishes its " Proclamation " in the Platform.

1833, October 1st. - Creation of the philanthropic Company of the workmen tailors of Nantes. She will be decapitated on February 20th, 1837.

1833,11- December 12th: Lawsuit " twenty-seven " (leaders of the SDH) shown to have prepared a riot in July, at the date birthday of the " Three Glorious ".

1834, the Company Human rights rested by Barbès is hardly dismantled by the police force which it creates 'transitory the " Company of the avengers followed, the following year, by the Company of the Families. Company of which it composes the oath adhesion required passage for all the conspiring candidates. (see note).

1834, February 2nd. - First (and single) number of the Liberator, newspaper of Auguste Blanqui.

1834, April 10th. - Vote of the law on associations, which subjects to official approval the associations split in sections of less than twenty people.

on July 12th, 1835, Barbès manages to make escape 28 entreated Holy-Pelagie, their Parisian prison. At once, it organizes transitory the Société of the Avengers then the Société of the Families , association clandestine of republican revolutionists which will count soon from 900 to 1.600 members, recruited among the craftsmen of the capital, the students or the volunteers of the National guard. Its action is stopped soon. Barbs is condemned to one year of prison for manufacture of powders, street of Oursine, the government benefitting at that time from the agitation caused by the attack of Fieschi, on July 28th, 1835, to decapitate the opposition.
The SDF counted divided into Families, small groups of 5 initiates directed by an Household head. In 1837, the SDF was divided into two groups: the Company of the Seasons and Phalanges Democratic.
The SDS was subdivided in Weeks which gathered 6 men and a chief. Four weeks formed one 28 days Month (thus cash 28 initiates and a chief). Three Months constituted one Season and four Seasons formed one Year. There existed at least three Years directed by Blanqui, Barbès and Martin Bernard.

The Democratic Phalanges were directed by Mathieu d' Epinal, Pornin and Vilcocq. Their program of inspiration “anarchist-Communist” claimed: the abolition of the property and the family, community of the women, free education, destruction of the luxury articles, popular dictatorship…

1836, March 8th: discovered " Conspiracy of the powders " ; arrest 11, of Barbs and Blanqui.

1837, April-July: Posting campaign of seven ignited proclamations, outgoing of the " Printing works of the Republic " , the first being entitled " With the People ". They announce the reorganization of the Company of the Families under the name of " Groups ".

1839,12- May 13rd: insurrection of the Seasons which aimed to the inversion of the monarchical government and the introduction of a social republic. The company of the Seasons passes to the action the May 12th 1839 at two o'clock in the afternoon and starts an insurrection Rue Saint-Denis and Rue Saint Martin's day, trying to seize the Police headquarter and the Town hall of Paris. The leaders are Martin Bernard, Armand Barbès and Auguste Blanqui, released after the amnesty of 1837. The business turns badly, the insurrectionists not managing to seize their objectives nor to start a revolutionary process. Prepared in the greatest secrecy, the operation misses basic popular, and Barbs read with the Town hall a proclamation whose phraseology néo-jacobine could only frighten the moderate ones. Barbs wounded, is stopped the very same day; Martin Bernard a few days later. One raises 77 killed and at least 51 wounded as regards the insurrectionists, 28 died and 62 wounded in the soldiers. It was in fact an coup attempt of State, but badly prepared, without intermediate objectives, exit door, true alternative…

Suivront 692 interpellations. There is more than 750 files of accused to the lawsuits before the Court of the pars. The files of this lawsuit consituent a source interesting for the study of the secret societies. SDS which had succeeded the SDF but also other more fugitive companies like the Company of the Avengers.

1839, June 11th - July 12th: first Lawsuit of risen of May (19 marked). Faithful to the traditions carbonarists, Barbs and Bernard refuse to defend oneself. This last is condemned to the deportation and Barbès to death. Without her knowledge, his/her sister obtains from the king, the 14, the commutation of her sorrow in forced labors with perpetuity, commuted again to deportation on December 31st.

Oct. 1839,14 arrest of Blanqui, which hid, and of his/her five companions. The latter will not be continued.

1840, Dec. formation of the springtides (Henri Dourille, Lucien Delahodde).

1840, January: formation of the levelling Workers, communist tendency neo-babouvist.

1840,13- January 31st: second lawsuit of risen of May 1839 (34 marked). Like Barbs and Bernard, Blanqui refuses to answer. Condemned to dead on January 31st, on intervention of his wife and without its knowledge, following the example Barbs, its sorrow will be commuted to deportation on February 1st. It will join Barbès and the others with the Mont Saint-Michel, prison of State.

Notes and anecdotes

The “myth Barbs”

It shows an untameable and chivalrous courage (“Bayard of the democracy”), a taste of the sacrifice, an acceptance of its responsibilities which explain certainly the charisma which was it his and to which all the contemporaries testify. There is a share of irrational which escapes the analysis, a “Barbès myth” that the conference of Carcassonne, which was devoted to him in 1998, tried to encircle. It also profited from the fidelity of the red South.

the statue of Beards set up in large pump in 1886, with Carcassonne. The demonstrations of left left still recently and very symbolically the statue of Barbs. Rule removed in 1942 on the order of the Régime of Vichy, representing “the French State”. With Carcassonne, a new statue of Barbs was set up in 1952 to replace it.
the " cancon of Barbès" . In Carcassonne and elsewhere, in the red midday, one still sings in occitan the “song”. Thus, one of the “great moments” of the conference of Carcassonne (cf 4b.) intervened when Rémy Pech, Pr of the University of Toulouse it Mirail, sang in occitan - and with what a flame! the “song of Barbs”: beyond the “folklore”, we could feel then, the force of the attachment of the South to the Republic…

the text of the oath of adhesion with the SDS, written by Barbès clearly shows democratic and republican sympathies which always characterized it.

Extracts from the oath of adhesion with the SDS

uestion: What do you think of the current government?

éponse: That it betrayed the people and the country.

Q: What should be the basic principle of a company right?

R: Equality.

Q: Which are the right rights of a citizen in an free society?

R: Right to life, right to release itself while informing itself, right to take part in the government. The duties citizen are: attachment with the social wellbeing and solidarity of the citizens.

DOCUMENTS

Transcription of 3 letters addressed to Barbès, emanating from workmen of Rouen . These letters coming from the Public records (reference W 574 file 2), had been presented at the time of the rich person exposure " Armand Barbès and the Revolution of 1848" who was held with the Museum of the Art schools of Carcassonne of Nov. 6, 1998 at February 2nd, 1999.

Three letters with Barbès (ref. Public records, Funds W 574 file 2)

Part 76 (such as it is): " Citizen Barbs, have Na to kill our brothers have them massacre the scélérats national guards of Rouen had blackness to bite their balls vangeance against these boureaux weapons and helps of the weapons and brave men for this putting have our head see us arm vangeance

hello and fraternity Florentin

Part 101 (such as it is): " Old robber come if you ouse if heap of the heart and your friend Blanqui and your clicks vien if you have heart we defy some you it will not turn over from there one of your clicks come one will receive you I in taken to you robber

rouennais, Leon Merde

Pièce 119 (such as it is): " Poor wretches who you are you ossez to qualify the evenemens of Rouen of slaughters, decendez in the funds of your heart and you will feel what you are, forget that you into similar circumstance assassinated pitilessly a honest officer that armed encor per hour regrets that it is, God which does not forget, it will take account of your crimes to you and of the evil which you seek has to make in France you would like to wash your crime to make return the assassinations of 93 but undeceive you to it France is calm it wants to control it only men wise and moderate it does not want an assassin in his center thus postpones you who be guilty will undergo the infamy which weighs on you far from a country of which you are unworthy to represent

One ouvrié of Rouen

Bibliographies

Personal bibliographies

" “Some words with those which have in favor of the Proletarians without travail." ” Barbs Carcassonne, 1837.

Blanqui, Eternity by the stars , 1872, Sn ED; criticism sociale' taken again former writings, appeared only in 1886, Sn ED.

Martin Bernard, Ten years of prison in the Mount-Saint-Michel and the citadel of Doullens , Paris, Pagnerre, 1861

Old bibliography

Karl Marx, Class struggles in France , sd B.M. of Saint-Etienne, Correspondence of Martin Bernard . sd

Tchernoff, I., Republican under the monarchy of July (Paris, 1905) by Mr. the party. Wasserman, Suzanne, Clubs of Barbs and Blanqui in 1848, Them… (Paris, 1913).

Modern bibliography

1. Dictionary off France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second empire , directed by Edgar Leon Newman, New York, Greenwood Near, 1987.

2. Georges Clémenceau, a republican youth , Paris, sd.

3. Claude Latta, an ignored republican: Martin Bernard (1808-1883) , Saint-Etienne, Center of Foréziennes Studies, 1980.

4. Barbs and men of 1848 , conference of Carcassonne organized in Nov. 1998 by association Audois, Departmental records of the Aude and the University of Toulouse it Mirail, under the direction of Sylvie Caucanas and Rémy Cazals. 4.b. At the time of a beautiful exposure " Barbs - 1848" (Nov. 1998-fév 1999) in Carcassonne at the House of the Memories. A catalog was published: Armand Barbès and the Revolution of 1848, by Sylvie Caucanas and Marie-Noëlle Maynard, Carcassonne, Museum of the Art schools and Departmental records of the Aude, 79p.

5. the Newspaper , Nov. 27, 1896 (city per Jean-Baptiste Duroselle: Clemenceau , Paris, Beech, 1988, p. 51).

6. Jeanjean , J. - F. Armand Barbès (1809-70), 3 vol. (Paris and Carcassonne, 1909-52).

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