The cognitive neurosciences (or psychobiology ) indicate the field of research in which the Mécanisme S Neurobiologique S are studied which underlie the Cognition (Perception, Motricité, Langage, Mémoire, Raisonnement, emotion S…) It is a branch of the cognitive Sciences which makes call to a large extent with the Neurosciences, with the Neuropsychologie, with the cognitive Psychologie, the cerebral Imagerie like with the modeling.

Origins and historical development of the cognitive neurosciences

The cognitive neurosciences result from the Révolution cognitivist years 1950 which gave rise to the field of the cognitive Sciences starting from the convergence of several scientific disciplines which were interested all in the human spirit. However, one can also make go up the origin of the cognitive neurosciences with good earlier (see: History of the brain). They are truly made up in discipline unified towards the end of the year 1970. The name was invented by Michael Gazzaniga and George Miller, researchers in Neurosciences and cognitive Psychologie.

Neuropsychology and memory

The rise of this discipline is probably due to several factors. Among those, one can initially quote the Neuropsychologie. This medical discipline which studies the consequences on the behavior of cerebral lesions made it possible to trace bonds between the Anatomie of the brain and the operation of the human spirit analyzed by cognitive psychology. One of the most famous cases was studied at the end of the Années 1950 by Brenda Milner with William Scoville. It is about a man called HM which underwent a Surgical operation by which one withdrew both to him hippocampi, right and left, of the temporal Lobe of its brain, this in order to remove the crises of epilepsy from which he suffered. The merit of the two researchers was to show that this operation had involved at this patient of the disorders of the memory severe but specific: without one being able to anticipate it at the time, HM had become amnesic Antérograde, i.e. unable to memorize all new information beyond duration of a few tens of seconds. From the scientific point of view, case HM proved in a particularly outstanding way the existence of different systems from memory postulated by the theories of the cognitive Psychologie of the time. Indeed, in spite of its amnesia, there remained able to remember events being produced a few years before its operation and he could even learn from the new gestures without remembering to have learned them.

Electrophysiology and vision

Another element which also largely took part in the dynamics of the cognitive neurosciences is due to the development of the techniques of electrophysiology which make it possible to record the electric activity of the Neuron S in an animal waked up in the brain of which electrode S. Ainsi were established beforehand, in the Années 1960, David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel showed that the neurons of the visual Système were organized so that the visual information was analyzed in an increasingly complex way to each " étape" of treatment in the visual Cortex. Indeed, these two neurobiologists observed that certain neurons of the Cortex striated with the Chat and the Singe Macaque answered only one image of bar directed according to a specific angle and located in a precise area of the field of vision, while other baptized neurons " complexes" in opposition to the first known as " simples" , discharged from the potential of action only when this same image in was actuated by a movement in a direction but not in the other. Lastly, a third type of neurons was identified: the cells " hypercomplexes" able to detect an angle formed by two bars or the end of a bar. Moreover, when one passes from a simple cell to a complex cell to a cell hypercomplexe, size of the receiving Champ, i.e. the zone of the field of vision which starts an answer of the neuron, increases. These data provided the first neurobiologic bases on the way in which the brain treats the images resulting from the Rétine and were worth in Hubel and Wiesel the Nobel Prize in 1981.

Methods

Psychopharmacology

Molecular genetics

The rise of the cerebral imagery

The cerebral imagery in the last decade of the 20th century. Networks of neurons and simulation Cerebral stimulation Psychopharmacology

Cognitive Cognitive neuroscience overlaps with psychology, and in fact has its roots largely in Cognitive neuropsychology. Goal whereas cognitive psychologists seek to understand the Mind , researchers in cognitive neuroscience mental are concerned with understanding how processes take place in the Brain . Cognitive neuroscientists tightens to cuts has background in Experimental psychology, Neurobiology, Neurology, Physics, and Mathematics. Cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience influences each other one has continuous basis, since year understanding off mental structure edge inform theories butt brain functions and knowledge mental butt neural mechanisms is useful in understanding structure.

Methods include psychophysical experiments, Functional neuroimaging, Neuropsychology and Behavioral neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience also makes contact with low-level dated from electrophysiological studies off neural systems and, increasingly, Cognitive genomics. The hand theoretical approaches are Computational neuroscience and the more " abstract" Information processing approaches, inherited from Cognitive psychology, Psychometrics (mathematical psychology) and Neuropsychology.

Cognitive neuroscience topics

  • Attention
  • Change blindness
  • Consciousness
  • Decision-making
  • Memory
  • Mirror will neurons

Related WikiBooks

  • Wikibook one consciousness
  • Cognitive Neuroscience chapter off the Neuroscience WikiBook

Refer

  • Ward, Jamie, The Students Guides to Cognitive Neuroscience , (2006), Psychology Close, ISBN 1-84169-535-1
  • Gazzaniga, Mr. S., The Cognitive Neurosciences III , (2004), The MIT Close, ISBN 0-262-07254-8
  • Gazzaniga, Mr. S., ED. (1999). Conversations in the Cognitive Neurosciences , The MIT Close, ISBN 0-262-57117-X.
  • Code, C. (1996). Classic Boxes: Ancient & Modern Milestones in the Development off Neuropsychological Science . In: Code, C. et al. “ Classic Cases in Neuropsychology ” .
  • Parkin, A.J. (1996). “ Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology ” , pp. 1-23.
  • Churchland, P.S. & Sejnowski, T.J (1992). “ The Computational Brain , The MIT Close, ISBN 0-262-03188-4 ”.

See also

  • Important publications in cognitive neuroscience
  • Emotional neuroscience
  • Social neuroscience

External Links

  • What Is Cognitive Neuroscience? , Jamie Ward/Psychology Close
  • Cognitive Neuroscience group, Brown University
  • CogNet, The Brain and Cognitive Sciences Community Online, MIT
  • Cognitive Neuroscience Arena, Psychology Close

Category: cognition Category: neuroscience Category: psychology Neuroscience Category: cognitive psychology

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See too

Related articles

External bonds

  • is the cognitive metaphor scientifically founded? , Guy Tiberghien and Marc Jeannerod, Re-examined International of Psychopathology n°18, 1995, p. 173--203.
  • Consciences and brain. Conference of Michel Imbert to the University of all the knowledge.
  • Neurosciences and philosophy: the case of the vision. Pierre Jacob (2005), in E. Pacherie & J. Proust (to dir.) cognitive Philosophy , Paris: Ophrys.

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