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The Lituanien is a Langue pertaining to the Baltic group Eastern of the family of the Indo-European Langues.

History

The Lithuanian still preserves most of the sound system and morphological characteristics of the Indo-European and thus becomes attractive in linguistic research. Certain rebuildings showed that the Lithuanian is the language which approaches the most Indo-European. Some linguists speculated that the proto-Baltic languages separated from the other Indo-European languages before the first front millenium J. - C..

Between 400 and 600, the Lithuanian and the Latvian separated from the sub-group Western (Prussian) of the Baltic languages which disappeared thereafter. The first text writes that one knows is a translation of collection of canticles which goes up with 1545. One knows publications in Lithuanian which go back to 1547, but the level of elimination of illiteracy of the Lithuanians was low with the {{XVIe}} and with the 18th century and the books were not easily. The elimination of illiteracy in Lithuania strongly increased during the 19th century, in spite of the reprisals by the Russian authorities, which arrived to their apogee after the suppression of the Rising of January, when the Russians prohibited the spoken usage of the Lithuanian in public and the use of the Latin alphabet for the writing.

The Lithuanian became the official language of Lithuania starting from 1918. For the Soviet period (1944 - 1990), one made use of it for the official businesses, just like Russian who was the official language of the the USSR and had precedence of the Lithuanian.

Geographical distribution

Dialects

The Lithuanian comprises two great dialectal groups: that of north, Lithuanian bottom or Samogitien (zemaitic), and that of the south, the high Lithuanian (aukstaitic), who gave rise to the modern literary language. It is considered that comprehension between the žemaitique one and the aukštaitique one prove to be difficult for the majority of the Lithuanians. The latter use the Russian and the English like language second to communicate with the foreigners.

Distribution

He is spoken by 4 million people including 3 million in Lithuania where he is spoken by 80% about the Lithuanian population.

Writing

He is written, since the 16th century, by means of the Latin alphabet increased signs diacritic S (Ogonek, háček, Point superscribed and Macron). He makes also use of Digramme interesting S. Fait, the Y is placed between the I ogonek and the J .

The acute accents and serious and the macron can be used to indicate the accent or the length of the vowels. However, one hardly finds them that in the dictionaries or when it is necessary to clarify them. Moreover, one uses the following digraphs, but in the word order, one treats them like a sequence of two distinct letters.

Phonetics

Stressing

The Lithuanian has a Pitch to two mobile intonations ─ hard and soft ─. In addition to in the didactic works, the accent is not written. To consult Stressing of the Lithuanian for more details.

Vowels

The Lithuanian comprises 12 Voyelle S written. In addition to the standard Latin letters, one uses the ogonek to indicate the long vowels. The ogonek is a vestige of the time when these vowels were nasalisées, as it today for the Polish is the case.

Consonants

The Lithuanian uses 20 Consonne S coming from the Roman alphabet. Moreover, the digraph CH indicates the fricative velar one (API); one can appear the pronunciation of the other digraphs by the pronunciation of their elements.

Grammar

See detailed article Lithuanian Grammar .

Lithuanian grammar is very close to that of the Latvian , but presents a more antiquated character. Its stressing is free and mobile.

There exist seven Cas (Nominatif, Génitif, Datif, Accusatif, instrumental, Locatif and Vocatif) and five groups of variation S. Inter alia, the nominal inflection includes/understands the number duel, in addition to the Singulier and the Pluriel, to represent the groups of two elements.

All the Verbe S combine with the time present, last, iterative Passé and with the future of the indicative mode , with the modes Conditionnel and Impératif (without reference to times) and with the Infinitif. These forms, except for the code, combine with two anybody S of the singular, two of plural, the third nobody being same form for the singular and plural.

Vocabulary

Numbers

  • Here numbers from zero to ten in Lithuanian: nulis, vienas, of, trys, keturi, penki, šeši, septyni, aštuoni, devyni, dešimt…
  • and from 11 to 20: vienuolika, dvylika, trylika, keturiolika, penkiolika, šešiolika, septyniolika, aštuoniolika, devyniolika, dvidešimt…
  • Of other numbers in Lithuanian: 30 - trisdešimt, 31 - trisdešimt vienas, etc
  • 40 keturiasdešimt
  • 50 penkiasdešimt
  • 60 šešiasdešimt
  • 70 septyniasdešimt
  • 80 aštuoniasdešimt
  • 90 devyniasdešimt
  • 100 šimtas
  • 200 of the šimtai
  • 300 trys šimtai
  • 1000 tūkstantis
  • 10000 dešimt tūkstančių
  • 100000 šimtas tūkstančių
  • 1000000 milijonas

Month of the year

January Sausis, February Vasaris, March Kovas, April Balandis, May Gegužė, June Birželis, July Liepa, August Rugpjūtis, September Rugsėjis, October Spalis, November Lapkritis, December Gruodis

See too

Internal bonds

See too


Free dictionary in line French-Lithuanian

External bonds

  • Guide of conversation French-Lithuanian

Beats-smg: Lietoviu kalba Be-X-old: Летувіскаямова Simple: Lithuanian language

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