See also the article Plank (area) ----
The Frisons are a Germanic Peuple pertaining on the plan ethnolinguistic to the branch westic. These people were undoubtedly formed tardily, in IIe century of our era, and could be confused, at the origin, with his closer neighbors: the Angles, the Saxon Jutes and .
At VIIIe century, the Anglo-Saxon of the island of Brittany preserved the memory of this common origin: it was, according to Bède Worthy the, the factor which started the sending of Christian missions English on the Germanic continent of VIIe until IXe century.
Origins
The whole of the ethnos groups mentioned above populated at the time Roman the plain of the north of the Germany (current the länder of the Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony), part of the Netherlands and peninsula of the Jutland to the Denmark. If one refers to the conquest of Roman Brittany or the acts of piracy made at the beginning of Ve century on the septentrional coasts of the Roman Empire continental (the Litus saxonicus ), it should be believed that these people had turned to the sea and for a long time practiced the coastal traffic along the shores of the the North Sea. The language Frison did not survive: it is today a minority language spoken in two areas about the Netherlands which could constitute the cradle of the ethnos group of the Clippings: the province of Plank ( Friesland ) and the province of Groningue ( Groningen ), while the Dutch majority is derived, as for him, of the Francique: the language of the Frank , introduced by the latter in Ve century.
The Roman period
Established outside the original borders of the Roman Empire, the Clippings belonged to the people subjected to the tribute under the imperium of Auguste (before -14): pressed by the requirements of the primipilaire Olennius, they revolted under imperium of Tibère in 28 (source: Tacit, Yearly , IV). Their victory at the time of the battle of the wood of Baduhenne enabled them to live “free” on their grounds until the medium of IIIe century, Rome having given up extending its empire beyond the the Rhine.Towards 250, probably following a rise of water, the Clippings had to give up their easily flooded grounds protected by “hillocks”; the interior of the continent being difficult to them access because of the movements of other Germanic ethnos groups, they badgered with Saxon the maritime borders with the Roman Empire. This one was agitated by the important political crisis of the medium of IIIe century, in particular in Gaulle and in the island of Brittany: several currencies struck under the brief imperium of César Postume (260 - 261) and decorated of a galère show the importance which Roman maritime defense against these pirates had at this time.
To the beginning of Ve century, the pirates clippings carried out forwardings of plundering on the coasts of the North Sea until the English Channel; it is at this time that some of them had to form at least temporary establishments on the coast in the south-east of the island of Brittany, then taking part in the massive invasion of this province by the Anglo-Saxon (source: Procope de Césarée), invasion that historiography traditionally places towards 450.
Early middle ages
As for the Clippings remained on the continent (in the North-East of the Netherlands and the North-West of current Germany), they ran up soon against the capacity of the Francs: the latter, converts with Christianity since the baptism of Clovis (481 or 486), were established in current the Belgium. After having contained the Clippings, they extended their kingdoms into Germanic and tried to subject the pagan Plank.Become the dangerous neighbors of the kingdoms Mérovingiens after Clovis had subjected the Rhenish Francs, the Clippings benefitted from the disorders related to the successions at the time of the first Mérovingiens. Thierry I {{er}} (v. 485 - 534) faced them and a tribute (515) imposed to them. But these pagan extended to the west around Utrecht and of Dorestad.
Thereafter and during the whole of the period mérovingienne, the Clippings benefitted from the internal conflicts which mobilized the military capacities of the frank kingdoms in order to preserve their independence: in 716, the mayor of the palate neustrien Ragenfred asked them even for a truce to overcome the Austrasie.
At the beginning of VIIe century, whereas the richness of the Francs were primarily land, the tradesmen and the pirates clippings maintained the relations with the Scandinavian world and controlled the majority of the southernmost coasts of the North Sea: the latter was known for this reason under the name of “Friesian sea” and the territories dominated by the Clippings formed a “large Plank then” ( magna frisia ), extending from the the Scheldt until the Weser and which one is unaware of about all as soon as one moves away from the littoral and the rivers.
Evangelization and conquest of the Plank
It is with the Christian missions undertaken as from the period mérovingienne that the Clippings entered truly the History.
The period mérovingienne
The Vie of Saint Eloi mentions that this last (death in 660), which was before to advise kings Clotaire II and Dagobert I {{er}}, undertook to convert certain Clippings established on the Belgian littoral from évêché of Antwerp (after 641): its efforts had probably little success, taking into account the later events. Another frank missionary tried évangéliser the Clippings during five years, of 657 with 673: Holy Vulfran (source: Vita Vulfranni ).Ultimately, the christianization of the Western Plank was the fact of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries, supported then relayed by the military capacity frankly. It lasted of the end of the period mérovingienne until the end of IXe century.
Following Wilfrid of York which spent the year 678 on the Friesian coast following a shipwreck, English monks left on the continent to convert their frêres remained pagan as of the end of VIIe century and during first half of VIIIe century. They spoke a language close to that about the Clippings, which did not prevent the latter from resisting with heat the religion of their enemies. Thus, two named missionaries Hewald underwent martyrdom in Plank during the autumn 690 (source: Bède Worthy the, ecclesiastical History of the English people ).
In parallel, the Francs undertook the military conquest of the Plank. The Clippings were subjected first once under the reign of Radbod by Pépin II of Herstal: the mayor of the palate austrasien founded then évêché frankly of Utrecht, with the head of which it placed the English missionary Willibrord (death in 739) in 696. The franque aristocracy divided the grounds of the Clippings in several great fields, but this excessive policy caused Friesian resistance.
Once died Pip, the Clippings were temporarily released from the yoke austrasien after having concluded an peace agreement with Neustriens and following the victory from the latter over Austrasiens.
Nevertheless, Charles Martel, the son of Pip, faced them shortly after and overcame again Radbod at the time of the wars which it carried out to restore the capacity of the Francs at the borders of their kingdom (717 - 719).
The Carolingian period
Although having truly started in VIIe century, the evangelization of the Clippings lasted until the Carolingian period : integrated into the empire of Charlemagne, the Plank became a frank county after 785.Until 754, the efforts of the English missionary Winfrid, i.e. Holy Boniface, involved the conversion of many Clippings without the Plank being christianized for as much. The company of this last ran up in particular against the hostilities between Radbod and Charles Martel (v. 715), then with the unpopularity of the frank capacity. After having évangélisé the Bavarian and the Thuringes, Winfrid undergoes in its turn martyrdom with the hands of the Clippings with Dokkum, close to Groningue, in 755.
The annexation of the Eastern Plank (the area extending from the Zuiderzee to the mouth of the Weser) by the Francs was acquired, seemingly, only after 782, even 785. It is on this last date that Widukind, the chief of the pagan resistance of the Saxons was subjected to Charlemagne. Nevertheless, the political situation remained tended still several years for the Francs.
Capitulary the of partibus saxonis , which establishes the division of Saxony conquered by Charlemagne in 787, involved the general rising of Saxon against the Francs. With the call of Saxon, the pagan remained Clippings were raised in their turn. They also underwent the bloody reprisals of the franque army.
Clippings with the Middle Ages
After being become a frank county, the Plank was attached to the Lotharingie after the Traité of Verdun (843), before being integrated into Francie Eastern (Germanie) and becoming integral part of the Germanic Roman Holy roman Empire.The Frisons, which lived a time under the Danish domination of the Viking S after the collapse of the Carolingian capacity (879 - 882), became then the subjects of the Saxon king Henri Ier the Bird-catcher in 925.
Parcelled out in several political entities after having been a time dominated by the évêché imperial one of Utrecht, most of the Plank fell gradually under the cut from the counts de Hollande from XIIe century until XIVe century: it is at that time that Dutch asserted itself on it gradually like dominant language.
Chronology of the “kings” clippings
The “kings” clippings of the Early middle ages are known in particular thanks to the historian of the English Church Bède Worthy the (death in 735).
See too
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