Clichy-sous-Bois

Geography

Clichy-sous-Bois is located on a gypseous hill at 15 km at the east of the doors of Paris.

The commune extends on a surface from 395 hectares, including 110 of wooded areas. It has in fact an important forest inheritance: regional forest of Bondy, park of the Pit-Maussoin, park of the Town hall. Its large forest park is a fragment remaining of old the Forêt of Bondy.

The city mixes some suburban districts (20% of the urban territory) and several great “significant” units: “the pointed oak”, and the “city of the Thickets”, the latter with horse on the territory of the two communes of Clichy-sous-Bois and Montfermeil.

Clichy-sous-Bois is served by no highway axis neither road of importance, nor no railway and remains consequently one of the most wedged the cities small Parisian crown.

Communes bordering

The city is surrounded of the communes of:

in North: Livry-Gargan
in the West: Raincy
in the South: Gagny
in the East: Montfermeil
in the North-East: Coubron

Urbanization and housing

History of town planning in Clichy-sous-Bois

History

Origins

The city bore successively the names of Cleppius at the time Roman, then Clippiacum superius in a text going back to 636, Clichiacum at the 12th century, then Clichy-in-Aulnois with the French revolution.

The clearing of the country of the alder was occupied as of the Neolithic as the discovery of weapons and tools of Silex attests it.

The Middle Ages

Clichy-sous-Bois was formerly a clearing of the Forêt of Bondy, which extended until the 19th century from Bondy to Coubron and recovered all the area. This ground rich in pastures and vines was granted by the king Dagobert in 632 the Abbaye of Saint-Denis. The place belongs then to the lords of Livry whereas the cure depends on the abbey of Livry. In 1261, the knights of the Ordre of the Temple buy in Eudes de Rosay and André of Clichy the stronghold of Rosay, and base a commandery there on the road of Coubron - there remains nowadays the foundations of this fortress - then in 1267, Henri de Grandpré, lord of Livry, yields to the order 280 arpents of wood and grounds, as well as the related rights, including the rights of justice. Templiers develop the pastures and the vine by clearing the forest; but they are dispossessed by it in 1312 by Philippe Beautiful the with the profit about Hospital of Saint-Jean-of-Jerusalem, the also known one under the name of Ordre of Malta. The large prior of France will remain about it the lord until the French revolution.

With the Moyen-âge develops the pilgrimage with the source where the miracle allotted to the Vierge had taken place. During the 13th century indeed, three merchants angevins were attacked and dévalisés by brigands then attached to three trees of the Forêt of Bondy. They accepted according to the legend the help of the Virgin. At that time, a vault is built in order to commemorate this miracle. The source which ran in the vicinity considered as miraculous knows an enthusiastic worship: many containers with drinking were found at the time of excavations.

Modern times

Giboyeuse the Forêt of Bondy is an hunting ground royal: Charles V then Henri IV courrent the fox there. An appointment of hunting then castles fûrent built on the territory of the village. At the 17th century, the most important lord of the manor is a magistrate, President de Mesmes. The royal and seigneuriaux crews there drive out, those of prince de Dombes, grandson of Louis XIV, are repurchased in 1785 by the duke of Orleans, owner of the Château of Raincy, which attends in its turn the forest at the end of the 18th century.

With the Age of Enlightenment, the village is a hearth Huguenot and has a vast Protestant cemetery. At that time, the financier the Bottom of Courmont, farmer general, repurchases the field of the marquis de Livry; he equips the village with a schoolmaster which has the role of educating the children free. He is stopped during the Revolution then guillotine with the chemist Lavoisier the May 6th 1794.

The Revolution and the XIXe century

With the revolutionary period, the village of Clichy counts a little more than 100 inhabitants, who indicate the January 6th 1790 the first municipality: Clichy becomes a commune.

Then the life of the commune one moment agitated by the litigations with its neighbor Livry puts in sleep until in 1814 where Alexandre, tsar of Russia, remains in one of the castles from where he contemplates Paris. François Christophe Kellermann, Duke of Valmy, also resides at Clichy.

In 1820, the village reaches only 150 inhabitants. Under Louis-Philippe, the first town hall-school is built. It is in 1851 that Clichy-in-Aulnois becomes Clichy-sous-Bois. The village is then little concerned with the Industrial revolution. Livry and Gagny yields grounds in 1869 for the creation of the new commune of the Raincy. The commune suffers much from the engagements during the war of 1870: the clichois flee the village which then is occupied and ransacked by 10.000 Prussian.

The XXe century

In 1912, the village counts 1.434 inhabitants; the school of the Plate is built at that time. During the First World War, the engagements removes 68 men with the commune. During the Inter-war period, Clichy-sous-Bois preserves its wood ornament, remainders of the Forêt of Bondy and progress hardly reached the commune: not or little public lighting, still not of all with the sewer, not of removal of the household refuse. Three employees of town hall, three roadmenders, four women of service meet the needs for the population. In 1934 the first school of the Chêne Pointu is built. The village life continues always also rural: it is not rare to see passing from the cows in the streets of the borough which has three more farms.

The German occupation during the Second world war does not forget Clichy-sous-Bois. But it is in the Années 1950 and especially the Années 1960 that will begin the radical transformation from the commune: the urbanization will begin as of 1955, year when a first residence is built: “The Lawn”. It was followed many others, private residences (the Chêne Pointu, Thickets…) then cities HLM (Orly-park,…).

Indeed, in 1960, an ambitious town-planning is drawn by Bernard Zerfhuss, architect Grand Prix of Rome, on the principles of the modern movement: “space, light, nature”.

The key plan of this private real estate transaction envisaged the construction of 10.000 residences, which extended from Low-Clichy until on the plate while following the natural topography of the place.

Finally these are only 1600 residences which are built in low Clichy - joint ownerships of the Chêne Pointu, of STAMU II - and 1500 in Montfermeil in joint ownership: the residence of the Thickets. A highway, A87, was to connect the two development poles of the North-East of the Ile-de-France: the airport of Roissy-Charles-of-Gaulle in North and the new city of Marne-the-Valley in the South, while crossing Clichy which would have been served by a vast exchanger. But this structuring axis forever carried out considering the opposition of the inhabitants and elected officials of the communes concerned with the project. This plan of installation remained incomplete leaves today the two towns of Clichy and Montfermeil with a destructuré urban fabric and in a problematic situation of enclavement in spite of the approval of the place in edge of the Forêt of Bondy. At the end of the Years 1970, the city sets up an experimental heating by Géothermie.

XXIe century

The October 27th 2005, of the teenagers flee a police control. Three of them are continued. They take refuge in a closed ground pertaining to EDF and hide in a building sheltering a reactance. Bouna Traoré and Zyed Benna dies there electrocuted. The third, Muhittin Altun, although seriously burned, will escape and give alarm.

Following that, riot S burst in the city of Oak-pointed between young people and police force. They are prolonged in many cities and French suburbs, justifying the introduction of the State of emergency in 25 departments from November 8th, 2005 to January 4th, 2006.

The renovation project urban of Clichy-Montfermeil

December 17th, 2004 was signed a convention between the National agency for the urban renovation (ANRU) and the whole of the partners concerned to finance the Renovation project urban (PRU) district of the Plate located at horse on the towns of Clichy-sous-bois and Montfermeil, as well as the district of low-Clichy.

This project of 324,5 million euros, one of most important of the Paris region, relates to 3.700 residences whose

1.398 will be demolished,
1.548 will be built
921 will be rehabilitated
1.353 will be résidentialisés

and the creation of public spaces and equipment will allow.

The objectives of the PRU are:

radical modification of the town planning and the habitat of the great unit;
recombining of the network of roadway systems and the urban landscape, by the requalification of the existing roadway systems and the creation of new streets, the installation of landscape routes ensuring the connection towards the principal green areas of the community of agglomeration;
the requalification general of the equipment and public services (creation of a true downtown area and the rehabilitation of the Park of the town hall in Low-Clichy, requalification of the school facilities and principal sports equipment, creation of a house of childhood including/understanding a crib of 60 cradles being accompanied by the demolition of the Parouty crib, revivals of the activity of the Shopping mall of Pointed Chène, creation of one or two residences social, creation of a general-purpose hotel of activities in particular accommodating the textile activities established before in the Utrillo Tower);
the reception of a public transport in exclusive right of way, probably an antenna of the tram T4.

It allows the transformation of a number important of residences of joint ownerships degraded into social housing.

Demography

Sources:

Administration

The current mayor, Claude Dilain, were elected in 1995, and succeed several mayors resulting from the Communist party. At the time of his taking of, the new mayor finds a financial position difficult and the commune is threatened to be put under supervision; by a rigorous management (cf study of Moody' S published in December 2006), the city finds a healthier situation gradually. Since 1996, the taxation remained relatively stable and the debt divided by two; Claude Dilain comments on: " One can be a poor city and the poor and well gérée" . Indeed, the tax potential of the Commune rises only with 320 € per capita in 2004, that is to say only approximately 40% of that of the of the same cities demographic layer.

Economy

Economic development and employment

The creation of the Free urban zone, exonerating from all taxes the companies being established in the perimeter, instigated economic development on the commune. The zone of activities of Clichy-Park saw the establishment of many new companies and two rental hotels of activities of which one was financed by the Urbain Great project (GPU) and PEAK URBAN. This dynamics continues today thanks to the action of animation of economic fabric led by the community of agglomeration.

The trade are the object of a particular support with the reorganization of the shopping mall of the Chêne Pointu, major operation of the GPU and which continued thanks to the Great project of city (GPV). Financings of the Politique of the city were also mobilized to improve the urban environment of the shopping mall of the Chestnut trees and the zone of marketing activity of the Maussoin Pit.

Professional insertion was supported by the community of agglomeration which created a service employment/formation/insertion (CHALLENGE) having for objective to accompany the unemployed.

It remains however much to make; the economic activity suffers from the weak grid system, of the lack of training of the young people and a corporate network insufficiently developed. In spite of the efforts of the public authorities and associative network, unemployment rate is one of highest of Seine-Saint-Denis.

Transport

Current location

There is no subway station nor of the RER at Clichy-sous-Bois, the station nearest is Gare of Raincy - Villemomble - Montfermeil. Only direct transport in Clichy-sous-bois is the bus.

The project: a branch of T4

See also: Line 4 of the tram parisien#Projets of extension

The Contract of project State-Area 2007-2013 (which succeeds old the Plan contract State-area), such as approval by the District council of February 14th, 2007, finances the launching of the studies for the disconnection of in Clichy Montfermeil, and provides that, if the studies allow it, that is to say carried out the substantial engagement of work between 2010 and 2013.

The realization of this disconnection will very significantly improve times of displacement of the inhabitants of the Plate and will facilitate the implementation of its Project of urban renewal signed with ANRU by ensuring the opening-up of the district.

Parks and green areas

Clichy-sous-Bois has an important timbered inheritance, which makes of it the second greenest city of the department of the Seine-Saint-Denis (of many hectares of green areas per capita). The principal green areas are:

the Forest of Bondy in the east;
the park of Bellevue , in downtown area;
the departmental park of the Pit-Maussoin , located at the west of the city in old careers;
the green casting of the aqueduct of Dhuys .

The Forest of Bondy and the departmental Park of the Pit-Maussoin are two of the sites of the site will natura 2000 of Seine-Saint-Denis.

Inheritance

The hotel-of-city (place of November 11th, 1918) occupies a castle built at the 16th century, and bought in 1645 per Robert de Bragelongne, superintendent of finances of the king Louis XIV. It then yields it to the count Jean-Antoine d' Avraux, friend of Madam de Sévigné which it regularly accommodates at the time of his stays with Livry. The building is modified in 1807 with the neo-classic taste sails very about it at that time. The castle presents a rectangular main building with flanked neo-classic porch of two short wings, a rectangular house is coupled with the southern wall of the southernmost wing. The park formerly with the Frenchwoman, was redrawn under the Empire with English the with a water part by Alexandre Theodore Brongniart, according to the principles of his/her friend the painter Hubert Robert. The park also shelters an orangery of Style Louis XVI, built starting from 1740. The unit was receipt in 1930 by the municipality and the castle became the town hall of the commune. The park, the orangery and the castle were classified historic buildings in 1972.

The castle of the Terrace (which occurred of Sévigné) was built in 1908 and replaces several successive buildings. Initially occupied by a commandery of Templiers, the ruins were replaced at the beginning of the 19th century by a castle, which was ransacked during the Prussian occupation of 1870. Largely altered, this castle leaves the place to current construction then.

The current church Saint-Denis makes following several churches: the medieval church of the 13th century leaves the place in 1641 at a new building. This last is rebuilt in 1759 per Clément Darce, treasurer of France in Burgundy. The building is still altered in 1811 and 1847, year during which the pinnacle is added. The church has a very simple plan with a single Nef and a flat Chevet. It shelters two tomb stones and a Vitrail of the 17th century to the weapons of Amador of the Door, large prior of France and maternal uncle of Richelieu.

The vault Our-Lady-of-Angels (gone Fernand-Lindet) was built between 1650 and 1660 by Christophe de Coulanges, abbot of Livry and uncle of Madam de Sévigné, with the site of an oratory of the 13th century. Destroyed by a fire in 1791, it is rebuilt towards 1808, then increased in 1865 date on which one adds a cupola to him.

Personalities related to the commune

Doc Gynéco, rappor.
Albert Uderzo and Marcel Uderzo, draftsmen.
Roberto Alagna, tenor.

Culture

The city has:

the Cyrano library of Bergerac (street of the Cornflowers) which tries to sensitize the inhabitants with the book and the reading. The cost of the annual inscription for Clichois varies from 1,60 to 2,30 €.
the Space 93 Victor-Hugo (place of the Orangery) which offers all the year of the varied spectacles: song, concerts traditional or of Rap, etc
the conservatory Maurice-Ravel (58 allée Auguste-Geneviève) which proposes all the year of the representations of music and dance.

Cinema and television

The chain franco-allemenade Arte diffused the January 12th 2007 a fiction on the death of the two young people of Clichy-sous-Bois the October 27th 2005, “ the flashover ”, realized by Philippe Triboit.

Teaching

The establishments of the secondary are:

Colleges: Romain Roland (with a SEGPA), Louise Michel and Robert Doisneau
College: Alfred Nobel

The town of Clichy-sous-Bois concerns the academy of Creteil. The elementary schools are managed by the General inspection of the departmental inspection of State education of the Raincy (located in the buildings of the Thiers elementary school).

Health

Worships

See too

Internal bonds

Common of the Seine-Saint-Denis
Forest of Bondy
List of the sites Natura 2000 of Seine-Saint-Denis

Random links: