Claude Pouillet

Claude Servais Mathias Marie Roland Pouillet , born with Cusance the February 16th 1790 and died with Paris the June 14th 1868, is a French physicist.

Biography

Entered of the National university in 1811, it there becomes then repeater of 1813 to 1816 and obtains the pulpit of physique to the Bourbon college in 1919. It is named professor of physics of the children of Louis-Philippe in 1827. He is the assistant of Jean-Baptiste Biot and Gay-Lussac to the Faculty of Science for the course of physics. He becomes in 1829 holder of the new pulpit of physics applied to arts with the Conservatoire national of arts and trades. He briefly succeeds Pierre Louis Dulong with the pulpit of physics of the Polytechnic school of 1830 to 1831. He is director of the national Academy of arts and trades of 1832 with 1849 and he is titular pulpit of physics of the Faculty of Science of 1838 to 1851. He is elected member of the Academy of Science in 1837.

Its work

Between 1837 and 1838, it carries out thanks to the invention of the Pyrhéliomètre the first quantitative measurements of the heat emitted by the Sun. The value that it obient for the solar Constante is of 1228 W/m ², value rather close to the current estimate, which is of 1367 W/m ². According to the Law of Dulong and Petit, it estimates the temperature of the sun around 1800°C. This value was revalued with 5430 °C in 1979 by Joseph Stefan.

Its principal work concerns on the compressibility of gases and especially the experimental laws relating to the intensity of the electric current in a closed circuit. In 1825, it invents the tangent galvanometer to be able to measure strong currents. It also knew to specify the concept of Electrical resistance and to show that the generators are composed of a electromotive Force pure and of an interior resistance. One owes him the Loi of Pouillet, deduced in an experimental way.

Principal publications

Memory on the electricity of the fluids elastic and one of the causes of the electricity of the atmosphere (1828)
Elements of experimental physics and meteorology (1827)
Lessons of physics of the Faculty of Science of Paris, collected and written by Mr. Grosselin (2 voulmes, 1828)
Memory on solar heat, the radiant capacities and absorbents of the atmospheric air and on the temperature of space (1838)
general Concepts of physics and meteorology for the use of youth (1850)
Memory on the density of alcohol; on that of the alcoholic mixtures; on a novel mode of graduation of the hydrometer to equal degrees (1859)
Memory on the position of the poles in the interior of the bar magnets and to the absolute measure of the magnetic forces (1859)

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