Civil pact of solidarity

The civil pact of solidarity ( pacs ) is a device of the Droit French voted in 1999 under the Gouvernement Jospin.

It is about a Contrat concluded between two major people (the partners ), whatever them Sexe, to organize their common life.

This text was born from a will to fill the gap in the law surrounding the nonmarried couples, including Homosexuel S. Universal device, it brings a minimal legal security, being located between the Concubinage, fuzzy statute but guarantor of a certain freedom, and the Mariage.

The pacs deviates from the Mariage mainly by its methods of dissolution: dissolution is automatic at the request of one of the partners. Moreover, contrary to the marriage, the pacs is opened with the homosexual couples.

More than 200.000 pacs were signed during the first six years of existence of the device, of 1999 with 2005. Its concretization, of the design to the application, was long and difficult. The Régime of the goods, with the departure centered on the Indivision, which posed many problems, was modified by the law of the June 23rd 2006, which envisages from now on, in the absence of contrary convention, which the mode of the goods is that of the marriage according to the mode of the Séparation of goods. Moreover, its tax Régime was gradually aligned on that of the marriage by the law in favor of work, the use and the purchasing power voted in July 2007.

Figures

In his demographic report/ratio for 2006, INSEE note that if the number of marriages concluded, which knew a light rise in 2005, is on its low level since 1995, confirming the tendency of reduction noted since 2001, the number of recordings of pacs continues to progress.

Indeed these are 274.400 civil weddings which were celebrated and more than 57.000 pacs signed in 2006, that is to say approximately 21 pacs for 100 marriages.

On the 263.000 pacs signed since 1999,33 600 (that is to say 12,8%) were dissolved.

Article 3 of modifying the data-processing Law and freedoms lays out that it is interdict to select a particular category people starting from the data likely to indirectly reveal the sex of the partners of a civil pact of solidarity, depriving the public authorities of statistics of the number of pacs signed between homosexual or heterosexuals.

A law of the August 6th 2004 inserted article 14-1 into the law on the pacs, thus modifying the preceding provision, which requires of the courts to draw up statistics on:

* the number of pacts concluded and having taken end;

* intermediate duration of a contract;

* the Middle Age of the people concerned;

* and especially to distinguish the pacts concluded between people from different sex or of the same sex (female and male).

But the computer tools of the magistrates' courts must be adapted on the basis of decree on enforcement of a law of the law of 2004 (under examination by the Council of State in November 2006) and of the law of June 23rd, 2006 of reform of the successions. In waiting the ministry for continuous Justice to publish the figures of the signatures of pacs and their dissolution which do not deliver any basic characteristic on the interested parties, which does not make it possible to make comparisons of the number of homosexual unions recorded with the other countries which know a mode of Civil union.

The coming into effect of this law in January 2007 authorized this type of statistical processing. A study of the ministry for justice, being based on the first names of the signatories, does not indicate that so in 2000 25% of the pacs were homosexual unions, they are not any more but 7% in 2006, the full number of the pacts tripling during this same period.

History

A supposed need

After a first half of the years 1980 rather advantageous in the homosexual condition (de-penalization of homosexuality, development of the associative and commercial mediums, etc), the epidemic of HIV (AIDS) hard struck this population and highlighted, sometimes dramatically, the painful situations created by the existing legislation.

The Jurisprudence was reticent to take into account the reality of the homosexual couples. The Court of appeal thus recalled that: “joint in free union must be included/understood like having intended to favor two people having decided to live like husbands, without to link itself by the marriage, which can relate to only one couple made up of a man and from a woman” (plowshare, July 11th, 1989) and “the cohabitation can result only from one stable relation and continues having the appearance of the marriage, therefore between a man and a woman” (civ. 3rd, December 17th, 1997).

The first private bill “tending to create a civil partnership contract” will be deposited with the Sénat by Jean-Luc Mélenchon on June 25th, 1990 after, in particular, of the congress of Rennes and following the motions retained by the national office of the Socialist party.

But it is with the “Contrat of civil union” (CUC) in 1991 that the political battle for the recognition of the homosexual couple really starts and will know its point of organ by the adoption of the pacs on November 15th, 1999.

The contract of civil union

Created in October 1991 by an work group joined together around Jan-Paul Pouliquen, Gerard Bach-Ignasse and Jean-Yves Autexier, this text innovative meets an immediate support near the Verts and of the Family planning and some socialist deputies of which Jean-Pierre Michel and Jean-Michel Belorgey which, with Autexier, will make of it a private bill (n° 3066 of the 11/25/1992).

The CUC will be most complete and more Subversif of all the renovation projects of the mode of the free union which will precede the pacs: successional mode, Social security, transfer of property and especially opening to the couples (Hétérosexuel S or homosexual) to the Fratrie S and the “old women” what dissociates it from any sexual bond between the contractors; all these topics make a real alternative to the marriage of it.

In spite of a media and civil support (a petition will gather more than 3.000 signatures and a survey will give 72% of French very or rather favorable to the project), the text will not end.

The December 21st 1992, two articles of the CUC will be voted all the same within the framework of the law “relating to various social measures”:

* transfer of the lease in the event of disappearance of one of both cohabiting (cancelled by the Constitutional council on December 23rd);

* social coverage of cohabiting with load provided that a certificate on the 12 months honor of common life is produced.

This new provision will primarily benefit heterosexual couples in situation of exclusion, proof, if it is, of the universal utility of a law to frame the unions in fact.

CUS, CVS, PEAK

The political news Cohabitation, imposed by the victory of the right-hand side on the legislative elections of March 1993 and which will be completed in 1995 by the election of Jacques Chirac, mark a crushing argument on the legal recognition of the homosexual couple.

Nevertheless, the project of CUC is not definitively buried since in June 1995 the federation ASSISTANCES is mobilized in favor of this cause. Its legal group will propose a “contract of social life” (CVS), which will amalgamate finally in September 1995 with the CUC to give rise to the “contract of social union” (CUS).

This new grinding of the text will allow the rallying of the homosexual movement.

This last, until now, refused the institutionalization of the gay couple partly, remaining on the positions of the years 1970, which denounced the standardization of the company and its order symbolic system (patriarchate, Monogamie, Mariage) and defended homosexuality like last ground of the marginality.

But from the “right to the difference” one passed to the claim of the “right to the indifference” which supposes the equal rights for all and the defense of the CUC will be one of the keystones of this combat.

The multiplication of the mayors delivering of the certificates of common life to the homosexual couples (around fifty into 1995,246 in 1996) and the possible hazards of dispute in front of the administrative courts make return the question of the CUC to the National Assembly.

But the answer of the Minister of Justice, Jacques Toubon, will be unambiguous: “it is not question of creating the contract of civil union, it is on the contrary question of supporting in the country the marriages and the births”.

Jacques Toubon will ask for a study nevertheless relating to the financial consequences of the separation of the couples entrusted to work group chaired by Jean Hauser, law professor, and who will give rise to the “pact of shared interest” (PEAK).

The PEAK will only stick to solve material and financial problems by making the dead end on any recognition symbolic system (it is besides a convention written under private signature, or in the authentic form in front of notary).

Birth of the pacs

In 1989, the court of appeal refuses to recognize the quality of boyfriends to the of the same couples sex.

Of 1990 with 1998, several members of Parliament Socialist S and chevenementists deposit private bills in order to found a civil new agreement. None is however registered with the day order Parliament before the proposal on the civil pact of solidarity a long parliamentary combat starts then. The pacs is the subject initially of a motion of inadmissibility: the opposition requires that the text not be discussed because it considers it contrary with the Constitution.

A political debate without precedent

The October 9th 1998, the deputies RPR, UDF and DLL (except for Alain Madelin and of its close relations which abstained from) were largely mobilized. The absenteeism on the benches of the Plural left is, contrary, abnormally high. Exceptional fact under Ve République, it is the inadmissibility which carries it. The majority proposes a new text. The battle takes again the November 3rd 1998. In two days, the opposition deposits twelve hundred amendments. Each subparagraph is the occasion of interminable exchanges.

The proposal for a relative law to the civil pact of solidarity was voted after a strong opposition on behalf of the right-hand side. Christine Boutin and Philippe de Villiers in particular, envisaging the destruction of the company if the law had passed.

Christine Boutin thus pronounced a five hours argumentation to the National Assembly, defending fundamental our companies recalled in the Bible, held up on this occasion in the hemicycle (what it disputes however, affirming that it held up actually the payment of the National Assembly). For Christine Boutin, “the pacs would inevitably contribute to the chosification of the children subjected to the good pleasure of the adults”. For Dominique Dord, appointed DLL, “the pacs is a hot potato that one refile of the town hall to the magistrates' court and why not tomorrow to the direction of the veterinary services”. For others like Claude Goasguen, it is a question of defending the design of a company where the family is founded on two opposite parents of sex. They fear especially that the pacs is only one stage before the Homosexual marriage and adoption of children by the gay couples.

On the right, only the deputy RPR Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin supports the text. On the left, the Jospin government more clearly takes again from now on the pacs on its account, but in the condition of refusing any opening to the Adoption and the assisted medical Procréation. The October 13rd 1999, after more than one year of procedure, the Parliament adopts in last reading the law on the pacs.

Is promulgated the November 15th 1999.

Procedures

The pacs is governed by the provisions “of the civil pact of solidarity and of the cohabitation” of the civil code French, delivers Ier, title XII, articles 515-1 to 515-7.

Two major natural persons residing on the French territory (Metropolitan France and DOM only, the pacs not being applicable elsewhere) who wish to organize their common life can conclude a pacs whatever them sexe.

In the event of residence abroad (in the states where the law and order does not prohibit, in a legislative or lawful way, any life of couple except marriage) it is possible to contract a pacs so at least one of the two partners is of French nationality. Conventions are excluded:

between ascending and descendants in hot line (parents, children, grandparents);
between collateral until 3rd degree (brothers and sisters, uncles and nieces, etc);
between close allies (mother-in-law and son-in-law, father-in-law and daughter-in-law, etc);
if one of the partners already is married or already pacsé;
if one of both does not enjoy completely its Legal capacity (major under Tutelle article 506-1 of the civil code).

A pacs concluded under private Seing but not recorded with the court does not have any valeur.
La representation by a third being impossible, the partners must present themselves to the clerk's office Magistrates' court on which their common residence depends (with the Ambassade or the consulate of France if they reside abroad).

Parts required:

by all the pacsés futures:

the original of convention if this one is written by the partners or his forwarding when convention was concluded in the authentic form. Convention must explicitly refer to the law: We, X and Y, conclude a civil pact of solidarity governed by the law n°99-944 of November 15th, 1999 modified by the law n° 2006-728 of June 23rd, 2006 and to specify the methods of the material aid;
a Document of identity and Birth certificate (integral or copies with Filiation) gone back to less than 3 months;
a Certificate on the honor of the absence of family ties or alliance between them;
a certificate of non-pacs gone back to less than 3 months (attention: certain certificates issued by the magistrates' court of the birthplace are valid only one month). This one is delivered by the magistrates' court of the birthplace (Court of Bankruptcy of Paris in the event of birth abroad), this provision remains applicable until the June 30th 2008;
a certificate on the honor of fixing of common residence in the spring of the magistrates' court where the joint statement is made;

the people born out of France must prove their legal capacity and their freedom of a possible marriage, by producing a document in proof;
married in the past partners (Divorced S or Widowed S) must present the Family record book preceding unions.

The Clerk (or the diplomatic agents and consular French when the common residence of the partners is fixed abroad):

checks the parts presented;
restores the originals of convention after having aimed them and having dated;
registers the declaration on a register by allotting a number of recording to him;
warns, without delay, the Officier of civil statue holder of the birth certificate of each partner (and the Court of Bankruptcy of Paris if the person were born abroad) so that it is made there mention, of the declaration of civil pact of solidarity, with indication of the identity of the other partner.

The tests immediately receive a certificate of recording of the pacs which specifies their names, first names, dates and birthplaces and the date of conclusion of the pacs.

During a one year deadline starting from January 1st 2007, the relative tendencies with publicity applicable only to the pacs are not concluded subsequently to this date. However, within this time, the partners of a pacs concluded before January 1st, 2007 can ask by anticipation that it be proceeded to the formalities of publicity; they must then make of it the joint statement at the clerk's office of the magistrates' court of their place of recording, by indicating the date and the number of recording. To June 30th 2008, this formality will be automatically applied for all the pacs concluded before January 1st, 2007, nondissolved since then and for which the partners will not have asked for the publication on the birth certificate.

Immediate effects

The pacs, Bilateral contract (or contract known as bilateral), is not less a authentic Acte of unquestionable Date, which the very same day produces effects between the parts of its recording, but it is opposable with the thirds only as from the day when the formalities of publicity are accomplished.

The pacs is without effect on the rules of the Filiation and the Parental authority. It does not confer the right to adopt a child together or to resort to a Procréation médicalement assisted.

Obligations between the partners

Helps mutual

The partners must help themselves mutually and materially according to the methods of their contract. Except contrary provision in convention, the material aid is proportional to their respective faculties.

By article 515-4 of the civil code since the law of 2006, the partners engage with a reciprocal assistance (in old age, the disease, etc). The matrimonial logic of the pacs gains ground. Recently the law of March 5th, 2007 reinforces this obligation (reciprocal) of assistance between partners: it provides that under the terms of articles 430 and 449 of the civil code the partner with a pacs can be appointed tutor of an unable person. Before the judge of the supervisions could not indicate in the event of incapacity as tutor that the spouse or possibly of the ascending ones: the partner or the boyfriend was not designated as potential tutor. It is a load and a duty which binds the partners. To be pacsé is not any more pain-killer, that has consequences.

Concerning the reciprocal material aid, the law of 2006 provides that if the partners do not have which it differently, this matrimonial help will be proportional to their reciprocal faculties. With the law of 1999, one stipulated just that the partners were held of a material aid whose methods would be laid down by the pacs.

One notices here the difference with the marriage because when one of the husbands fails to fulfil his obligation of contribution to the loads of the marriage, the other can require the divorce and assign this one in front of the judge to force it to pay. However here as we will see it, between partner the law did not envisage a sanction. In the event of failure with the loads of the pacs, they cannot make an action in front of the judge.

One then puts the question to know what it so occurs of a pacs of the partners fail to fulfil their obligations.

Mode of property

Contrary to the initial drafting of the text, the law modified the mode of Propriété and replaces the Indivision by the Séparation of goods by defect.

Consequently, except contrary provisions of conventions (initial or modifying), each partner preserves the administration, the pleasure and the free provision of its goods personnels.
The goods on which none the partners can justify of an exclusive property are famous to belong to them jointly, with each one for half.

Conventions can also lay down the methods of property of the goods which they acquire, together or separately, as from the recording. By defect it will be separation, but if it is the joint possession which is selected, these goods are then considered undivided per half, without recourse of the one of the partners against the other under an unequal contribution. Certain goods profit however from exception (goods received by donation or collected by succession, sums of money perceived before being used…) (article 515-5-2 of the civil code).

In the absence of contrary provisions in convention, each partner is managing joint possession. For the administration of the undivided goods, the partners can conclude a relative convention with the exercise from their undivided rights, famous concluded for the duration from the civil pact of solidarity, but, during the dissolution of the pact, the partners can decide that it continues to take effect.

Solidarity towards the creditors

Each partner only remains held of the personal debts born before the pact. Each one is interdependent with regard to the thirds, of the debts contracted by one of them for the needs for the life courante.
This solidarity also applies to the taxes (on the returned and the fortune). The Treasury can thus continue each partner for the totality of the tax, without being obliged to distribute between them the debt fiscale.
Toutefois, this solidarity does not take place for the obviously excessive expenditure.

New rights

Social

Recognition of the quality of Having right health insurance maternity.

Opening of the right to the Death benefit: priority, in front of the Child S and ascending S of the partner, for his obtaining.

Possibility of profiting, under certain conditions, of a revenue of beneficiary if the partner is deceased following a industrial accident or occupational disease.

Law the labor

Paid private law

Family events: two days off in the event of death of the partner, one day for the death of the father-in-law or the mother-in-law.

Obligation of the employer to fix the dates of vacation by taking account of those of the partner.

Simultaneous vacation in the event of employment in the same company.

Possibility of benefit of a leave of family support, not remunerated, to deal with the partner presenting a handicap or a loss of autonomy of a particular gravity.

Public office hospital, territorial and of the State

Priority in the order of the changes for geographical bringing together.

Installations of schedules are also granted to allow to the accompaniment of the handicapped partner anybody

Authorization of absence:

five maximum days at the time of the conclusion of a pacs;
three maximum days in the event of death or of grave disease of the partner.

Housing

In the case of signature of lease by only one of two pacsés, if the holder gives up the residence (or if he dies), the leasing agreement will continue or will be transferred for the benefit from the partner, for the duration envisaged in the lease.

The right of resumption of the housing granted to the financial backer is him also wide in favor of the partner with whom it is bound by a pacs.

Right of occupation of the family housing of the surviving partner, for one one year duration and with the expenses of the succession of the partner deceased who he was owner or tenant of housing.

Taxation

Imposition

Since 2006, the people signing a pacs are subjected, as of its conclusion, with a common Imposition on:

returned, between the date of conclusion of the pact and on December 31st of the year concerned. Thus, like the married couples, it will be necessary to fill three income declarations:

two individual for the incomes former to the date signature, the tax calculated on the incomes active of January 1st at the date of the pacs is claimed personally with each partner;
a commune for the incomes ranging between the date of signature and on December 31st of the year concerned; the tax is then to jointly pay by the couple;

the fortune as of the first year, in the event of signature during the year and as it is the case for the grooms and the people living in common-law marriage.

limits: called into tax question during the rupture of the pacs after the first year in this case each one will have to make its own statement.

Death taxes

If there does not exist the downward one (because since January 1st, 2007, the ascending ones are not any more heirs réservataires), it is possible to bequeath by will the whole of its goods to the surviving partner. In the contrary case, the Legs cannot exceed the Quotité available.

As of the conclusion of the pacs, the partner surviving is exonerated from death taxes. As regards gift taxes, it profits like unites it in the marriage of an abatement of 76.000 € then of a progressive taxation.

Limits

The official recognition of the couple produces all the same effects which can prove to be negative.

Loss of the allowances granted to the isolated people (family support, relative isolated, widowhood).
Taken into account for the ceilings of resources: the calculation of the social security benefits is carried out by taking for base the incomes of the couple. It results from this that the majority of the services can be reduced or, generally, supprimées.
It is the case in particular family allowances, rent allowance, Allocation with the handicapped adults and Minimum wages of insertion. Example: two RMIstes which is pacsent will perceive, an income of couple (approximately 650 €), instead of two individual allowances (440 €), that is to say more than 100 € of loss by anybody. According to association Agir together against unemployment “the people in precarious situation do not pacsent themselves”.
pacsé which lost straight to its services (AAH or RMI) then becomes a beneficiary of its partner being thus in a situation of total dependence. This situation created of the nuisances to the partner who “maintains” the other the such passage the tariff of mutual insurance company an individual contribution to a contribution of couple (generally more than 90% of increase) but also a bad consideration of the couple (a partner which works and maintains the other) in many situations, etc

A civil pact of solidarity does not give access to the whole of the rights to which can claim the married people.

Heritage: by defect, the pacsées people do not inherit one the other.
Reversion: the pacs does not give any right to widow the Survivor's pension.
compensatory Services: the pacs does not give right to compensatory services.
Allowance widowhood: the pacs does not give right to an allowance Veuvage.
Permit residence: the attribution of a residence permit to the foreign partner is not made under the same conditions that for a foreign spouse. The pacs is simply an element of appreciation of the personal bonds in France, and in particular for obtaining a residence permit “private life and family” after one year justification of common life
Filiation and Parental authority: the pacs does not confer automatic recognition of the parental authority on the child of its Co-pacsé, nor the right to adopt a child together or to resort to a Procréation médicalement assisted.

The pacs can also be applied without service compensatory.

Difference between pacs and marriage

The pacs: the research of simplicity and the free choice of the parts

First report: the pacs is recognized as a contract which can be modified freely by the parts, whereas the marriage, in spite of many reforms going in this direction (possibility of changing marriage contract, development of the divorce by consent), can be modified and cancelled only by or with the agreement of a judge. Like any contract however, the pacs can of course involve conflicts on its execution or its cancellation. The intervention of the judge thus is by no means excluded.

Contrary to the cohabitation, which is a de facto situation which is not contractualisée, the pacs is, like the marriage, a contract between the parts to arrange their common life and to envisage their reciprocal obligations.

An important difference with the marriage is however the concept of fidelity, which disappears purely and simply. The marriage evolved/moved however much on this point, by a movement which started with the end of the penalization of adultery at the beginning 20th century, until current jurisprudence, in which the inaccuracy is not in itself a sufficient cause to involve exclusive wrongs of the one of the parts.

On the other hand, like the marriage, the pacs institutes without stating them certain priorities: the situation of material distress at the origin of the pacs, resulting from sudden ruptures without possible recourse, show through in article 515-4, which organizes a duty of mutual assistance.

But this “mutual and material” help, formula apparently not very constraining, whose exact range will have to be given by jurisprudence, is conventionally flexible. The partners are thus free to reduce it to the minimum or to increase it to the maximum by contract, the possibly seized judge having to apply convention. One is far from the unambiguous brief but: “the husbands mutually owe fidelity, help, assistance” of article 212, whose no contract cannot decrease the range.

Solidarity with regard to the thirds concerning the “debts contracted by one of the two partners for the needs for the everyday life” is, it, a frank loan with the marriage. It is undoubtedly why the formulation remains rather general (“everyday life”) and has the defect to open the way with multiple dispute.

With regard to the mode of the goods, the pacs is distinguished from the marriage by the fact that the mode of the goods by defect is the separation of goods, whereas the mode of the goods by defect in the marriage is the community property. But the marriage as the pacs can freely arrange or change these provisions by contract (by marriage contract with regard to the marriage and in the pacs with regard to the pacs). It is interesting to observe that the very great majority of the married ones which makes a marriage contract choose the separation of goods.

The provisions of article 515-7, which regulates the end of the pacs, were criticized. One was until employing, for the undeniable brutality of the procedure, the term of repudiation. But is to forget that the pacs is a contract, therefore which it can be solved. And it is true there that the law envisages a resolution which does not have to be justified. The will to finish some is thus in it even a sufficient reason. It is necessary to note besides that the reform of the divorce procedure of May 2004 goes entirely in the same direction, by providing that the petition for divorce should not comprise reason. Article 251 of the civil code is thus written: “The husband who forms a divorce petition presents, by lawyer, a request with the judge, without indicating the reasons for the divorce. ” Moreover, it is not practically any more case where the courts refuse a divorce required by one of the parts.

With regard to the goods, the pacs explicitly envisages, like the marriage, the possibility of a recourse of compensation for the part which is estimated injured by the rupture. The pacs can envisage the methods of its rupture; it can envisage rules of compensation in particular. On the other hand, contrary to the marriage, the pacs does not envisage a “compensatory service” automatic with the profit of the weakest part, service from which it cannot be derogated by contract.

The marriage: a judiciarisée institution

If the marriage were conceived for the foundation of a family, as testify some all its symbols, it does not have more in right of real consequences on the family: it does not have any more an effect with regard to the parental authority or education of the children; even the symbolic system family record book is delivered with the parents of nonmarried children. The marriage, like the pacs, has today for only legal effect the organization of the common life.

The way in which the two situations begin and end shows large a disparité.
The marriage remains, have regard to its finality, a strongly juridically protected engagement: multiple controls and formalities of the conditions, relative difficulty of the divorce. Although facilitated by the law of May 26th, 2004, the divorce, which remains the only exit of the marriage, remains a heavy, painful process and… legal. The resolution of the pacs will be materialized by a simple registered letter with immediate effect, even if it is not excluded, in practice, that the rupture gives place, like the divorce, with dispute.

See too

Countries where marriage and adoption are opened with the homosexual ones

See also: Homoparentalité, Homosexual marriage

marriage AND
*Afric adoption of the South
* Belgium
* Canada except for the Island-of-Prince-Edouard, of the New Brunswick, the Nunavut and the Yukon authorizing only the marriage.
* Spain
* Massachusetts, American State
* Netherlands
adoption alone
*soit joint:
** England and Wales
** Australia, Western Australia and Territory of the Australian capital
** Some States of the the United States
*soit of the child of the partner:
** Alberta (Canada) in addition to the marriage
** Germany
** Denmark
** Iceland
** Israel
** Norway
** Tasmanie (Australia)
** Sweden

Homoparentalité
Homosexuality and religion
Civil union
Homosexual marriage

Bibliographies

Flora Leroy-Forgeot, legal History of homosexuality in Europe , PUF, 1997
Christine Boutin, the " mariage" the homosexual ones? : Legislative CUCS, PEAK, pacs and other projects , Critérion, 1998
Philippe Malaurie, a legal statute of the cohabitation? CUC, PEAK, pacs and other misadventures of the marriage , in repertory Defrénois n°13/14, 1998 (p. 871)
Caroline Fourest and Fiammetta Venner, the antiones. Or the last crusade homophobe , Prochoix, 1999
Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin, Pacs between hatred and love , Plon, 1999
Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin, Malek Boutih, Mgr Gaillot, Christophe Girard, Jean-Pierre Michel, Jean-Luc Roméro, Proclamation for the pacs , the Variation, 1999
Daniel Borrillo, Homosexualities and right , PUF, 1999
Daniel Borrillo, Eric Fassin, Marcela Iacub, Beyond the pacs, family expertise the homosexuality proof, PUF, 1999
Yves Roussel, Gerard Bach-Ignasse, and Catherine Tasca, the legal and practical pacs: 100 questions/answers Denoël, 2000
Frederic Martel, It pink and black: “the homosexual ones in France since 1968” , the Threshold, 1996 (exit out of pocket in 2000, the 2nd ED. a part contains which recalls the history of the pacs)
Caroline Mécary, Flora Leroy-Forgeot, Pacs , Which I know n°3566, PUF, 2001 (2nd ED.)
Daniel Borillo, Pierre Lascoumes, Pacs, the homosexual ones and the left , the Discovery, 2002
Gerard Ignasse (to dir.), Pacsé-e-s: Inquire into the signatories of a civil pact of solidarity, follow-up of " Pacs, yesterday, today and demain" , Harmattan, 2002
Philippe Jestaz, Glances common lawyers on the law of November 15th, 1999 relating to the cohabitation and the civil pact of solidarity , LGDJ, 2002
Caroline Mécary, rights of homosexual/they , Which I know n°3367, PUF, 2003 (3rd ED.)
Corinne Renault-Brahinsky, Droit of the family: Cohabitation, Pacs and marriage, Divorce, Filiation , Gualino, 2003 (5th ED.)
Jean-Baptiste Seube, Execution of the civil pact of solidarity , in Right and inheritance n°115, May 1st, 2003 (p. 76-82)
Michel Grimaldi, Reflections on the civil pact of solidarity of the French right , in Repertory Defrénois n° June 12th, 30th and th 2003 (p. 813-824)
Sylvie Dibos-Lacroux, pacs: the handy guide: For which? Why? How? , Prat, 2006 (8th ED.)
Georges Fauré, Jacqueline Flauss, Catherine Philippe and Jean Delattre, Of the pacs to the new conjugalities: where is Europe? , PUF, 2006
Caroline Mécary, New Pacs , Delmas express train, 2006 (1st ED.)

External bonds

Methods, rights and duties of the French pacs on the site service-public.fr
file set of themes on the site of the National Assembly
information paper on the application of the Circular law
of February 5th, 2007 on the reform of the PACS

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