Citizenship
The citizenship with the legal direction is the legal Principe of Légitimité .
In a general way, a citizen is a Nobody which concerns the Autorité and the Protection of a State and consequently enjoys Droit S Civique S and has Owe S towards this State. Each citizen exerts with his way the citizenship such as it is established by the Loi S and is integrated in the whole of the Mœurs of the company to which he belongs.
The citizenship is also a Composante Social link. It is in particular the equality of Droit associated with the citizenship which founds the Social link in the democratic company Moderne. The citizens of same a Nation form a Communauté Politique.
See also: Theories of the social contract, Of the social Contract
....... The citizenship is closely related to the Démocratie. To be citizen implies that one belongs to a body politic, a State, that one has in this body politic of the Droit S and the Owe S. In France, a citizen is defined as follows: " Old man or woman of more than 18 years, born (E) French or foreign parents naturalisés". A citizen has several Owe S like paying the tax S, respecting the Loi S or to be Juré of Court of Assizes if need be.
In democracy, each citizen is holder of part of the Souveraineté Politique, it is thus the whole of the citizens which by the election chooses controlling them.
The modern citizen is the subject of Droit S and Owe S: Human rights - civil laws - right policies - social rights. The duties are achieved by the citizens for the good of community (taxes, military service, etc), and defined by the laws of the countries in which they live.
The community of the citizens forms the Nation.
The expression " Citizen of the world " qualify that which proclaims its attachment with the whole of the Humanité, refusing the national borders, the such Stoïciens.
The citizen is an eminently political being (the city) which expresses its individual interest not but the general interest. This general interest is not summarized with the sum of the particular wills but exceeds it. Jean Jacques Rousseau.
History
Ancient Egypt
See also: Citizenship in
Under [[Lagides]], with the creation of large cities such [[Alexandria]] or [[Ptolémaïs]], the concept of citizenship was reserved for [[elite]] [[Kingdom of Macedonia]], [[Macedonian]], then with time extends itself then to the inhabitants of these cities, although the Egyptians of the district of [[Rakhotis]] in [[Alexandria] the] ancient one never had really access to this statute, and the city consisted of well delimited districts which often entered in conflict, thus showing the somewhat relative aspect of the ancient citizenship.
[[modern]] thanks to the invention of the Greek city or “[[polishes]]”.
[[Political]] then develops like autonomous field of the collective life. The polishes is founded on the equality of all the citizens, but everyone cannot become citizen, the city is closed ethniquement.
In [[polishes]], [[city-States Greek]], the citizens were those which took part in the decisions of [[city]] ([[law]] S, [[war]] S, [[justice]], [[Public administration]], [[administration]]), with the debates with [[agora]], and were the only ones with being able to have the ground in opposition to [[wogs]] and with [[slavery in ancient Greece]], [[slaves]] (wogs and slaves being categories which existed only with [[Athens]]). These citizens were however to respect certain criteria, like being of [[sex]] [[Man]], [[male]], to have more than eighteen years, to be [[free]], to be born of [[Paternity]], [[father]] citizen and also, under [[Périclès]], of [[mother]] girl of citizen. They were also in the obligation to make them [[military service]] (it [[éphébie]]), after which they became citizens.
[[Democracy]] is then direct, the hierarchy between the men is abolished (between the citizens only); the political activity remains held to the most favoured members of the city.
=== Rome ===
{{Detailed Article, Roman Citizenship}}
[[Roman citizenship]] differs under the articles from the citizen of the Greek cities.
The Roman citizenship is defined in legal terms, the '' civis romanus '' has civil laws and personnel. The foreigners can reach the political company defined in legal terms. For [[ancient Rome]], [[Roman]], the citizenship has a universal vocation, without criteria of ethnic origin.
=== the French revolution ===
With [[French revolution]], the term is re-used, being opposed at the end of '' [[prone]] ''. It founds one then [[social Equality]], [[equality]], since any man can be called " citoyen" without hierarchisation, contrary under [[nobility]] (but also with the ancient citizenship based on [[méritocratie]]).
== Adjectivation ==
In [[the Reference: Cultural dictionary in French language]], [[cultural Dictionary in French language]], [[Alain Rey]] fixes at [[1995]], the use of the " term; citoyen" as [[adjectival]] to replace the devoted adjective which is " civique". This employment tends to insist on the moral, republican connotation and partisane. Thus, a civic step would be to fill its duties of citizen (right to vote for example), when a step citizen would post a will to integrate in its acts of the ethical considerations and the finalities or the social solidarities and civic, imply itself in the life of the community.
The adjectivation of " citoyen" remain discussed.
One distinguishes 3 stages from the citizenship
* Civil citizenship corresponding to fundamental freedoms (freedom of expression, equality in front of justice, property right)
* Political citizenship founded on the political participation (right to vote, right of eligibility, right to reach certain public office, right to be protected by this State abroad)
* Social citizenship resulting from the creation of economic rights socio (right to health, right to protection against unemployment, trade union rights)
Within the framework of European construction, the concept of European citizenship appeared, available to all people having the nationality of a Member State of the Union.
That of multicultural citizenship, which implies the recognition of the cultural rights of the minorities, recently made its appearance.
== Notes and references ==
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