Cinetism

The cinetism is a concept of psychomecanic (or psychosystematic) of the language of Gustave Guillaume. The cinetism of the language is propensity that with the human spirit to conceive images more or less completed of such or such fact of language.

Time and kinetics

Guillaume first of all was interested in time. When a speaker uses a verb, the spirit builds a more or less completed “verbal image”. Infinitives have an aspect, but neither mode nor “time”: an infinitive, it is a little completed verbal image. It is said that the verbal image “is seized” in the course of construction, and for infinitives it “is seized” “precociously”. In other words, infinitive is an early seizure of the verbal image.

The cinetism thus implies a tension within the language. The Langue would be always being built, and, during each production of Parole S, seizure at a given time of this construction.

Psychomécanique of time

For Guillaume,

“very simple figuration of the time, last/present/future, which one can say that it carries to the maximum the panoramism of time, is completed, more " réalisée" that one can conceive. It is the result of a main effort of aiming. But for the linguist, and the ends which it continues, this optimum image of time is an insufficient instrument. Its defect comes precisely from its " perfection". What it offers to the glance, it is time already built in thought, if one can express oneself thus, whereas the analysis would require that one see time building itself in the thought. It is conceivable, indeed, that to be introduced deeply with the knowledge of an object, this object had time, not is not enough to consider it in a completed state, but that one needs moreover, and especially, to represent the states by which it passed before reaching its form of completion. ”

The chronogénèse

Seizure of the chronogénèse

The term of seized is fundamental in Guillaume. It appears at the beginning of its principal work, Temps and verb , when it describes the initial seizure of the “chronogenèse” (formation of the verbal image in the spirit), which corresponds to the Aspect:

“At the initial moment, the chronogénèse did not operate yet, it is only in being able to operate: image-time seized over this moment of the chronogenèse is time in-poses . ”

Guillaume explains his “chronogénèse thus”:

“To be an extremely short mental operation, the formation of image-time in the spirit does not take less a time, very undoubtedly, but not runs of them infinitely short, and consequently reality. It follows that this formation can be paid to an axis. We will name this axis, the axis of time chronogenetic , and the operation of thought which develops to with it, the chronogénèse . ” ===

“Image-time seized over this initial moment of the chronogénèse is time in installation (i.e. an image which the thought at all did not carry out, but that it is, nevertheless, in power to realize)”.

Time in fieri

Time in fieri is very started but not completed image time. It is “the transition” from time in installation to time in ess . Time in fieri is for Guillaume the mode, image more completed than that which comprises only the aspect (time in installation ), but less completed than time in fieri (image which comprises the three times, past, present, future). Accordingly,

“the indicative representation would be more completed representation, more carried out than the subjunctive representation . ” ===

Time in ess is the completed image of time, because the three times come to supplement in the chronogénèse the unfinished image of time in fieri which comprised only aspect and mode.

Nontemporal Cinetism

The concept of cinetism implies that the words, even if they do not relate to time, are images which the spirit seizes during their formation. the word of the dictionary horse is completed thus less than the word horse in a context, for example in the sentence the horse gallops . Indeed, the context makes it possible the spirit to build a completed image of the horse, while the dictionary gives only the nuclear definition of it, except context.

The guillaumiens, or at least the linguists who take as a starting point the psychomecanic by Guillaume, analyzes many fields of linguistics using the concept of cinetism. For example, a pronoun is the image seized more or less precociously of a person

Cinetism of the negation

Psychomecanic typology of the negative terms of French

According to the psychomécanique one of Gustave Guillaume, there exists a tension within the language, or in other words a cinetism . The negative tension is an example. It is about a variation of the negation, according to whether the various negative terms are employed: the explétif is not far from negative, the not is much more, etc

To follow this logic of the psychomecanic tension, it is possible to classify the negative terms of French at least negative to most negative: explétif (seized earliest of the negation), comparative , … only… , … not (and its alternatives), and finally not , seized latest by the negation (the most complete negation).

The explétif : early seizure of the negation

The Explétif does not translate really a negation, but rather a possibility. It is thus about an early seizure of the negation. This is why it is used after verbs expressing feared, prevention, doubt; in subordinate clauses introduced by before, unless, for fear, little is necessary oneself of it that ; or after other/differently than , or comparative: as many structures expressing the possibility and not the inexistence.

I fear that it does not come (= “I am afraid which it comes”, and not: “that it does not come”)

The comparative : median seizure

The comparative “balance to some extent a comparison of disparity: Pierre is more enthusiast of Marie than it is it of him (i.e.: “Pierre is most enthusiast” + “Marie is less éprise” and vice versa)”. It is about an early seizure of the negation: to be less éprise or at least not as much does not mean not to be enthusiast , which would be a late seizure of the negation (see #Ne… not).

Negation and partitive

In front of a name Direct object to the direction Partitif in a negative proposal, one employs if the negation is absolute concerning the object of the verb (=> no quantity of) , but of, of, of, of the if the sentence implies, as for the name, an affirmative idea, or when one wants to insist on the object:

I do not have money, not of friendly, I never drink wine , but:
It drinks only water; don't you have friendly to help you?
You did not ask for wine , but of the beer .

This negation is not complete because it spares an exit with the lawsuit of the verb, as in the last example. The adverbial phrase … not (without partitive) expresses a complete negation, more complete than … not + partitive : indeed the partitive one is a form of restriction of the negation. For example, I do not smoke is more negative than I do not smoke of tobacco which leaves open the possibility of smoking another thing than of the Tabac (- with moderation).

… only…

The adverbial phrase exceptive (or restrictive) … only… expresses the restriction and only means “, nothing more than”: it thus is not strictly speaking about a negation. Thus, in I have only ten euros on me , the speaker affirms that it has ten euros.

This negation is a seizure later than that with partitive.

For Marc Wilmet exceptif that stops () with the threshold of the negative Prédication and starts again positive preaching. ” The speaker denies the subset of the complementary elements

of the object: Pierre likes only Marie;

of the circumstantial one: Marie leaves only in one month ;

of the attribute: Me I am not qu 'a shade, and you qu 'a clearness! ;
of the complement of présentatif: It has there only him which includes/understands me ;
of the impersonal sequence: It does not remain, around me, that the service road of a long summer (Colette).

It is thus a median seizure of the negation: the “positive revival” prevents that the negation is total.

… not

… not (without partitive) is a complete negation: it is a late seizure of the movement of negativation. Pas is tonic and is not dull, it is thus more closely related to the verb (one can say it does not miss, after the call, a pupil but one cannot say * it, after the call, does not miss a pupil ). However, cannot be employed alone in front of the verb.

… drop,… crumb , and other late seizures of the negativation

Construction … + GN is an alternative of … not .

The negative adverb not

not

See also: Not (linguistics), lexical Derivation

Non (as nenni ) is the tonic equivalent of the dull adverb . It specialized in a complete negation (seized late of the movement of negativation).

Non can constitute with him only the equivalent of a whole negative sentence, in answer to an interrogative or imperative sentence. This is why it is the most complete negation which exists in French. It can constitute a Interjection:

- are you ready? - Not. (= “I am not ready”).

Cinetism of the pronouns

Animated pronouns

Olivier Soutet makes use of the concept guillaumienne of tension to organize the morphemes Pronom inaux “according to a diagram with double tension successively leading Morphème internal plural to the morpheme of animated absent, then this one with that of external plural”. The cinetism is thus explained by the author:

The negativation of the individual takes place by the mediation of the signs of the indéfinition, which correspond to a progressive loss of the identity.

- No matter who and anyone are the indefinite ones of positive sign; however, the confrontation of

No matter who will make (or can make) the business.
Anyone will make (or can make) the business.

and of

No matter who made (or made) the business.
? Anyone made (or made) the business.

fact of appearing that the indéfinition of anyone , more advanced than that of no matter who , makes it not very compatible - even incompatible - with contexts not virtualisants or last.

Let us specify that which (distr.) is the distributive Pronom which in Each one had brought a gift, which of the flowers, which of the chocolates, which of frozen chestnuts .

As for the nobody 1 (seized early), it acts of the Forclusif of the negation (… nobody and nobody… ). One could say that in the order nobody lets enter! , the pronoun refers to very virtual people but whose existence remains possible. The “negativation of the individual” is total only with the nobody 2 : Nobody in the streets, nobody with the doors of the city.

Inanimate pronouns

August 1st (diagram to come)

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