Chronology of the history of the press

30000 before J. - C. First written signs.
4000 before J. - C. the Égyptiens use ink (color), the papyrus (rollers manufactured starting from bark of reeds) and the hiéroglyphes to note the significant events and administrative to preserve them but also those of the everyday life.
3500 before J. - C. Invention of the Wedge-shaped writing in Mésopotamie (used by the Babylonian , Sumériens and Chaldéens), especially to note the accounts. The system was in the pictographic beginning , but while adapting to the other languages of the area (Akkadien, Perse, etc) it became phonetic. The name Cunéiforme means " form in coins" (Latin cuneus ), because of the shape of the elements which compose its characters. He was mainly written with a Calame in reed on clay shelves. The Cunéiforme is read from left to right. The Sumériens invent also the Sceau-cylindre which constitutes the first form of impression: symbols are engraved in hollow on a stone roller then the roller is applied to fresh clay in which it leaves the print which constitutes the seal. The Chaldéens invent the first calendars. They comprise observations on the 12 signs of the zodiac.
3000 before J. - C. Invention of the plays like the hopscotch, the ossicles, the play of goose or the play of the snake. As soon as the men play with money, the rules are then fixed in writing.
2500 before J. - C. First rollers in bark of palm tree or birch (India), in skins (Occidental Asia) or in plates of bamboos (China). Silk rollers and small planks out of wooden (China) are also used. Later, in China, the rollers were also folded in the shape of accordion and were stitched on a side to make of it a book, on which was stuck a fabric or paper cover. The civils servant well-read men who wrote these books, called mandarins, will deploy during centuries of the considerable efforts to develop various styles of Calligraphie, regarded as an art with whole share.
2400 before J. - the C. oldest papyrus dated carrying a writing.
Towards 2200 before J. - C. In Phénicie cohabit various scriptural systems: the hieroglyphic and the hieratic Egyptian, the hieroglyphic hittite, the Wedge-shaped sumérien and the linear has and B crétois (see appendix old languages).
1700 before J. - C. the Code of Hammourabi is one of the oldest preserved writings. It is a legal text engraved in a block of 2,5 height m basalt. It was placed in the temple of Sippar to Suse (Mésopotamie - currently the Iran) and several other specimens were also installed through all the kingdom. All were carried out on the initiative of the king de Babylone Hammourabi to homogenize the laws on all the kingdom. The code of Hammourabi is written into wedge-shaped akkadéen.
XVII E Disc of Phaistos (Crete - found in 1908). First demonstration of a printed act. Application of symbols in relief in the fresh clay, cooked to fix the support afterwards. The disc is covered on its two faces with unknown pictograms.
XIV E Developed of the Wedge-shaped alphabet of Ugarit (Phénicie - currently the Syria) by the scribes eager to obtain a clean graphic system. These signs, grouped between them to compose of the words which separated from short vertical features, held much the alphabetical writing Proto-sinaïtique used in Canaan. It is still variable and comprises between 26 and 30 signs.
XIII E Birth of the alphabet Phénicien tiny room to 22 signs. It is about a consonant alphabet, i.e. not transcribing the vowels.
-1000 Birth of the Greek alphabet which is, in the history the first alphabet used to write a Indo-European language. The Greek alphabet, called phoinikeia, is the first alphabet to note the vowels, a need for the transcription of the Indo-European idioms, like Y (which is I Greek). It comprises 24 letters. The direction of reading is not fixed (from right to left, from left to right and sometimes even in Boustrophédon: a line of the right-hand side towards the left and the following one in the other direction like plowing a field).
-700 Striking of the first coins (Greece and minor Asia). The parts which comprise at the same time a sign to represent a value and the writing of this value are the first elements of the use in mass of the writing.
VIII E Homère writes the Iliade and the Odyssée. They are 2 poems epic of 24 songs which constitute the largest warlike novels. The Iliade tells an episode of the Trojan War whose hero is Achille and the Odyssée is the account of the return of Ulysses towards Athens after the catch of Troy.
Towards -650 First Greek papyruses.
Towards -484 Hérodote writes the first book of history of which the goal is to tell the history of the men and either those of the heroes. Its treaty of history begin with “Hérodote d' Halicarnasse has here the results of its investigation so that time does not abolish work of the men”.
Towards -403 Euclide makes adopt in Athens a provision stipulating that the texts of the laws, consigned hitherto in the local alphabet, will be republished in the the Millet alphabet known as Ionian, which gave its preference to the direction left-right-hand side.
Towards -339 After the death of Socrate in -399, which had not left any writing, Plato devotes a great part of its work to the dialogs with Socrate to preserve its theses.
-335 Aristote, former student of Socrate, is seen entrusted by Philippe II of Macedonia the education of his/her son, Alexandre, who will become later Alexandre Large the. For that, Aristote founds the " College " , a school known as peripatetic School because one teaches there while walking as Socrate did it. The courses of the Lycée constitute a first attempt to count and order the human knowledge.
-332 Alexandre Large the founds the town of Alexandria (Egypt) which it equips with the largest library of the known world of the time. It will gather until 700 000 works. It will be destroyed into -48 at the time of a fire when César settles in Alexandria.
IIIe front century J. - C. Birth supposed of the Paper in China under the reign of Qin Shi Huang (dynasty of Qin).
IIe front century J. - C. the Romans publish the Acta Diurna, collection of the daily facts to Rome.
I er the Romans introduce the Codex (sheets folded and assembled by a seam) in the place of the Volumen (separate and rolled sheets). The Codex, such as it was initially used by the Greeks and the Romans to note the accounts of their trade or the school exercises, was a small book with rings containing two or several wood shelves covered with wax, on which one could write using a stylet or style and which could be unobtrusive and re-used several times. Additional layers of Parchemin were sometimes inserted between the shelves. The Codex had then managed from there to contain several sheets of papyrus or, later, of Parchemin, gathered in small bundles folded in their medium. These packages were posed the ones on the others, bound between them by the sheets and attaches to wood small planks by leather thin straps. The Codex makes it possible to the reader to more easily find the passage required and to move in the text forwards or the back.
In Europe, the Parchment, sheepskin, goat or tanned calf, replaces little by little the papyrus.
105 Ts' have Lun, Minister Chinese for Agriculture codifies art to manufacture the paper of quality while recommending to use a mixture of fibers resulting from bamboo, barks of mulberry tree and especially of the flax and hemp resulting from the old fishing nets . Already one thinks of recycling and quality.
Of 200 with 650 the Runic alphabet or Futhark - term formed starting from the name of the first six letters of this alphabet - was the alphabet used by the former people of Germanic languages (like the Angles and the Nordiques, which were called runes. It was also used in divination and magic. The Indo-European Racines of the word rune mean “mystery” or “secrecy”. The original alphabet of the Scandinavian runes , the Futhark with 24 letters, is often called the “line rune” and was organized in three groups of 8 runes each one, named ätter (families) being called the ätts Freyr, Hagal and Týr respectively, the first character of each group being taken as example in its name.
5th century the Chinese writing arrives at the Japan by the scholars and the buddhist monks.
6th century Fragments of Xylography in China. the impression is carried out using blocks of carved wood or engraved ceramics .
Towards 500 the Indiens (India) invent the decimal classification, the zero and the Infini, i.e. the definition of what does not represent anything and of what is higher than any measurable quantity. The system was transmitted to the Occident by the Arab at the end of the 9th century.
Of 751 with 1250 Expansion of the technique of manufacture of paper on the whole of Europe by the conquest Moor: Samarkand (Ouzbékistan) in 751, Baghdad (Mésopotamie) in 793, Cairo (Egypt) and Damas (Syria) in 900, Xàtiva (Colonia Nueva de San Felipe, Spain) in 1056, Fès (Morocco) in 1100, Sicily in 1102, Fabriano (Italy) in 1276. paper is then manufactured starting from rags of flax and hemp .
842 Drafting of the " Oaths of Strasbourg " following the victory of Charles the Bald person and Louis Germanic the over their brother Lothaire, all 3 wire of Louis the Piles to regulate the division of the empire of their grandfather Charlemagne. This written text, with the hand, in Romance and high German, constitutes the oldest text in French language and German.
868 (May 11th) Impression of the first book by Wan Jie in China. It is a xylographic edition " Sutra of diamond " , a Buddhist text , of which there remain only fragments of which some are preserved at the British Library (London, England). This document ends in a bear mentioning inter alia its publication date (May 11th, 868) and the copyright (" for free universal distribution by Wang Jie").
9th century the Japan tests the need for independence with respect to the Chinese writing and invents two types of writing (or kanas), resulting from the images symbolic systems of the Kanjis (Chinese characters): the Hiragana for the purely Japanese words and the Katakana for the words of foreign origin.
Towards 965 Birth of Sei Shonagon, a lady of the Court of Japan which left a kind of diary on the life of the Court " Notes of bedside " ( Makura No soshi ), which can be regarded as first the documentary social one (literary cf Genre.
972 Impression of a version of the " Tripitaka ", a Buddhist writing , preserved rather well and which included/understood more than 130.000 pages.
Towards 1000 the oldest novel whose author is known: Murasaki Shikibu (978-1014), a lady of the Court of Japan of the Akiko Empress. Its book " the Known as one of Genji " ( Genji monogatari ) tells the life and the loves of a prince who not to claim with the throne ( genji ), mixing loves, policy and intrigues, in a poetic style.
1041 First book printed with mobile characters in Clay. It is allotted to pi Cheng.
Of at the 15th century the books were transcribed laboriously with the hand with a goose feather by monks scribes, called copyists, who worked in scriptorium (“room of Latin writing”) of the monasteries. These texts are primarily monk. To facilitate the reading, the texts are nouveau riches with coloured illuminations. Only the richest lords can have these rare books, least fortunate must be satisfied with the stories told by the trouveres who convey ideas less controlled by the Church of which most famous is “the song of Roland” created at the 12th century. Certain monks with the freer spirit write in hiding-place these stories.
the 12th century most popular of the books “the Romance of Renart” is a satire of the tale of chivalry putting in scene a character crafty one, poor and close to the people which make fun of the powerful ones: the goupil Renart. The novel was so popular that the word “goupil” will disappear from the French language to become “Fox”.
1348 First checked presence of a mill with paper with Troyes - France.
Towards 1400 First metallographic books. A copper plate is struck with punches then one melts a block in lead alloy relief. Once this unmoulded block, one coats it ink and one poses the sheet of top.
1430 First books xylographies in Germany and Holland. The texts and the drawings are engraved with back in cut wood plates. The boards are then coated with ink and one poses the sheet of top to find the text at the place, as for an inking-pad. Laurent Janszoon in Haarlem (Holland) uses isolated wood letters.
1443 Birth of the only native alphabet of the South-East Asia by king Séjong in Korea: the alphabet pân tchel. It is also the only alphabet which one knows the birth date and the creator. It is about an alphabet of 28 signs with consonants and vowels. This simplified alphabet with 25 signs is still that of Korea.
1451 Impression of a Latin grammar per Jean Gensfleisch, known as Gutenberg.
1454 Impression of a calendar by Gutenberg: Turkenkalender.
1456 First book printed in series: the Bible with 42 lines of Gutenberg with Mainz. Printing works was born. Gutenberg uses for the first time of the mobile characters in Plomb to compose the texts, letter by letter and line by line which are then assembled in a form of the size of the sheet instead of being engraved. The characters are reusable to compose of other texts. To supplement its technique, Gutenberg develops a press with arm while taking as a starting point the presses of the vine growers: one places the characters at back on the form, one it ink, one poses a sheet above and one presses. Thanks to this technique, one can already print 300 sheets per day. The Bible of Gutenberg is a book in 2 volumes of more than 1200 pages. It required more than 2 years of work to be made up and printed. It will be drawn between 150 and 180 specimens, including 30 on vellum. On the 48 specimens which remain today, only 16 are complete. Paintings were added to the hand in voluntarily empty spaces left to decorate it according to the same technique as that used by the illuminators.
1457 the First color printing the Psalmorum Codex realized by Johann Fust, the associate of Gutenberg and Pierre Schoeffer. It is the first known book which carries a date and a Colophon. A matrix of origin of this book still remains.
1458 Charles VII sends Nicolas Jensac, an engraver of currency in Mainz to learn the technique from printing works on behalf of France.
1465 First illustrations engraved (with the point dries) in printing works.
1468 Died of Gutenberg which had yielded its process of impression to its principal creditor
1472 First book printed in France, in the printing works of the Gold Sun in the Sorbonne.
1478 First book with illustrations printed in France.
1498 Invention of the impression of partitions in mobile matters by Ottaviano Petrucci in Venice.
1499 First known representation of a press in a work printed in Lyon.
Towards 1500 Parution of the first Almanach S.
Towards 1500 Léonard de Vinci invents the technical design. The drawings of these inventions in prospect and are annotated with a system of location and dimensions for a reliable manufacture. To prevent that these discoveries fall in bad hands, Léonard de Vinci wrote with back and the texts were to be deciphered in front of a mirror.
Towards 1500 the Makes out S (written satirical or abusive) and the wall cupboards which are loose leves which treat primarily questions religious and political make their appearance.
1517 Lüther and the Reform use printing works like means of diffusion of mass.
1530 Robert Estienne, celebrates it Parisian editor-printer, order with Claude Garamond a font face. It will take as a starting point the drawings of Alde Manuce to create the typographical punches of the police force “Garamond”. The families of police force which they will inspire will be called “garaldes” in homage to their authors. The “Garamond” is French character par excellence from its balance and its great sensitivity between the manual writing and its typographical conversion.
1535 François 1st makes prohibit printing works under the pressure of the Church because considered as “subversive” and “libertarian”.
1537 Creation of the National library by preoccupation with a control more than per concern of conservation. Each printer must give a copy of each publication to the royal Library.
1570 Christophe Plantin, to Antwerp, launches the fashion of the book illustrated in copper-plate engraving on metal.
1620 Willem Janszoon Blaeu invents the “Dutch press” in Amsterdam.
1631 Publication of the Gazette of France , of Théophraste Renaudot
1640 Richelieu invents the first printing works of state, the Royal Printing works become after the Revolution the HMSO.
1648 - 1652 During the Fronde appear the many ones make out; several thousands of them are directed against the Régence and Mazarin (the Mazarinade S).
1665 Parution of the Journal of the scientists
1672 Parution of the gallant Mercure
1680 First dictionary of usual and familiar French language writes by Pierre Richelet.
1694 Publication of the first official dictionary, that of the Academy.
1702 First practical application of the theory of Newton of the primary colors by Jacques Christophe the Fair one who carries out an engraving into multi-couleurs with 4 plates including one for black contours in France. It will deposit in 1719 the patent of a process “to print the tables” colors.
1731 Publication of the Posters in Strasbourg
1738 October 2nd First publication of the “Sheet of Opinion of Neuchâtel”, first daily newspaper of French language. It is published without discontinuity until our days under the title of “the Express train”
1739 William Ged, goldsmith in Edinburgh, prints a work in stereotypy, i.e. without using the types but thanks to moulds of the “typographical pages”.
1750 Publication of the Posters in Lyon
1754 Publication in Paris of the literary Correspondence of the baron Nickel silver Grimm; it will radiate in all Europe
1777 Parution of the first French daily newspaper, the Journal of Paris
1788 At the time of the preparation of the Registers of grievances requested by Louis XVI, of many make out are distributed.
1789 (August 26th): Declaration of the Human rights; its article IX proclaims freedom of the press: “the free communication of the thought and the opinions is one of the most invaluable rights of the man: any citizen can thus speak, write, print freely, except answering of the abuse this freedom in the cases determined by the law. ”
1790 Parution of the the Father Duchesne of Hébert
1790 Parution of the Friend of the people of Marat
1790 William Nicholson introduces the rotary movement into printing works by designing the first cylinder of inking.
1792 (August) Louis XVI is suspended and interned on the Temple with its family; the royalist press is reduced to silence.
1793 (September) Law of the suspects against freedom of the press.
1795 April 8th - 18 germinal of Year III Convention adopts the metric system which institutes new measurements with decimal classification. Thus the fabric does not change any more a length that one is in Paris, Troyes or Provins. Introduction of the franc like official currency of the French Republic.
1796 Invention by Senefelder of the lithography, based on the incompatibility enters ink (fatty) and water.
1799 Invention by Louis-Nicolas Robert of the impression on paper roller uninterrupted.
1800 (February) Bonaparte restores the prior approval of publication.
1812 First rotary and mechanical press built in England by Friedrich Konig and Andreas Bauer.
1814 the press of Konig and Bauer is used to print “The Times” with 1100 specimens per hour.
1821 First typographical type-setting machine patented by William Church, the assembly and the justification are still done with the hand (the United States).
1822 September 27th the French Jean-François Champollion presents his work of translation of the Egyptian Hiéroglyphes. While basing on stone of Rivet washer, which is a piece of found stele with Rosette in Egypt into 1799 which comprises a decree of Ptolémée engraved in hiéroglyphes, into demotic and Greek. Champollion advances the fact that, on the stone of Rivet washer, 486 Greek words are retranscribed in 1419 hiéroglyphes, that the hiéroglyphes cannot transcribe words: the hieroglyphic writing is at the same time ideographic and alphabetical and that, like the majority of the languages of the area, only the sound vowels are retranscribed using semivowels. It validates its assumption, by translating the name of Cléopâtre into “Kleopatrà” on the cartouche of Ptolémée and presents the alphabetical value of eleven signs including four semivowels. It also shows that in certain cases, it can exist several signs for the same sound; thus “can be to It transcribed by a lion or a mouth.
1826 the First photography by Joseph Niepce in France.
1826 Publication of the Barber
1829 Invention of the impression in relief bound for the blind men by Louis Braille in France
1829 Publication of the Review of the Two Worlds
1829 Publication of the Time
1830: the Monitor , Constitutional the , the Earth and the Newspaper of DEBATEs draw with approximately 60 000 specimens.
1832 Creation of Havas (Agency of information and publicity) by the trader and financial Charles Havas
1832 Invention of the sewing machine allowing mechanization to glitter it by Philip Watts in London.
1833 Benjamin Day proposes the first media general public with a penny: the “New York Sun”.
1833 Publication of the Universe
1834 Invention of the Daguerreotype by Daguerre in France.
1835 First drawing on film to print.
1835 - 1836 Gottfried Engelmann invents and develops the chromolithography.
1836 Publication of the Century
1836 the first newspaper with a penny in France “the press” of Emile Girardin.
1836 Beginning of publicity in the press on the initiative of Emile of Girardin.
1838 Proceeded of rotary impression colors (3 plus the black) on the only one way per Charles Knight.
1840 First calotype by Talbot in France.
1840 April 18th Joseph Berres announces that it succeeded in converting daguerreotypes into plates of impression.
1841 Invention of the reproduction in half-tones by Georg Meisenbach in Germany.
1841 First paperbacks in Germany.
1844 Invention of the first wood pulp by Friedrich Keller, which manufactures mechanical paste by means of a grinding stone and deposits a patent.
1850 First mechanized lithographic press invented by Firmin Gillot. The lithographic image is transformed into a typographical image on zinc, by bite with the acid.
1853 Invention of the direct impression by Auer Qualities.
1857 First book illustrated by lithography in 2 volumes and 79 plates per John Pussy.
1859 Publication of the Dauphiné Libéré
1863 Invention of the rotary press offset with food uninterrupted by William Bullock.
1863 Publication of the Small Newspaper , it is the first popular newspaper; it is sold 5 centimes.
1866 the Figaro becomes daily
1875 the First photographic film engraving by means of photosensitive gelatin.
1878 Invention of the type-setting machine “type-bar” by Fredericks Wicks in Glasgow.
1870 Publication of the Dispatch of the South
1873 Publication of the Pilgrim-Magazine
1877 Publication of the Breaking news of Alsace
1880 Prototype of a press photogravure in England manufactured by Krael Klitsch.
1881 the law of July 29th devotes the principle of liberty of the press.
1883 Invention of the photoengraving per T. & R. Annan in Glasgow.
1883 Publication of the Cross
1884 Invention of the Linotype machine by Otto Mergenthaler.
1885 the paste with mechanical wood becomes the essential raw material to produce newspaper, accepted by the majority of the editors of newspapers in the United States and Canada.
1885 Publication of the French Hunter
1887 Invention of the monotype.
1889 Parution of Is republican
1890 Dépôt of the patent of the flexography in England.
1897 Publication of Art and decoration
1899 Publication of the West-flash, ancestor of Western France
1904 Ira Rubel discovers the strainer accidentally and builds the first press offsets to 3 cyclindres.
1904 Parution of Humanity
1908 Parution of the Échos
1915 Parution of the Canard Enchaîné
1917 the Parisian daily newspapers draw to 6,5 million specimens; Small Parisian the for its part car with 1,7 million specimens.
1919 Publication of the Mountain and of the Lorraine Republican
1920 Discovered serigraphy coming from Japan where the technique is controlled there for a very long time.
1923 Invention of the electrostatic impression without pressure.
1930 Concurrence of the radio
1935 perpetrated Autodafés masses some by the capacity Nazi.
1944 Creation of AFP (Agency France Presse)
1944 Invention of xerography and thundering.
1944 Publication of Parisian daily newspapers: Parisian the , Le Monde , France Soir
1944 Publication of daily newspapers of province: Western France , the Voice of North , the New Republic of the Mid-west , Nice Morning , the Telegram of Brest and the West , Midi Libre , Of Provence the , the Union , Alsace , Mail of the West , Paris-Normandy .
1945 Creation of the MLP (Lyons Transport of press)
1945 Publication of daily newspapers of province: Southern West , Progress , Press-Ocean
1946 Publication of the Team
1947 Creation of the NMPP (New transport of the Parisian press)
1947 Law Bichet on the distribution of the press
1948 Publication of Not of sight-Images of the world
1949 Publication of Paris Match
1950 Publication of the Observer and of the diplomatic World
1950 Constitution of the group Harrowing
1950 Competition of the Television
1951 Publication of Rivarol (weekly)
1953 Publication of the Express train
1955 Publication of the Sunday newspaper
1966 Publication of Current values
1968 Publication of Our Time
1969 First scanner color.
1972 Parution of the Hebdomadaire the Point
1972 Création of Libération
1975 Robert Harrowing repurchases Le Figaro
1976 Dépôt of the patent of the impression by jet of ink by IBM.
1978 Parution of the Figaro Magazine
1979 Prisma is established in France; it is about a subsidiary company of the German group Grüner+Jahr
1981 First hand-cutting of a cylinder photogravure starting from numerical data.
1981 Matra (Jean-Luc Lagardere) takes again Hachette
1982 Parution of Présent (daily)
1982 Parution of PRIMA
1984 the First Macintosh from Apple.
1984 Publication of the event of Thursday
1984 Publication of current Woman
1990 Publication of international Mail
1993 Publication of Official reception, and of the Life
1994 Publication of the Weekly the 4 Truths
1994 - 1995 the group Havas takes again the titles of Alcatel-Alstom
1995 First CTP (Computer To Plate) in production. It makes it possible to directly produce plates of impression starting from a computer
1998 Parution of “Psychologies Magazine”, title taken again by Jean-Louis and Perla Servan-Schreiber
1998 (November) Marketing of the first e-book: Rocket e-book developed by the Nuvomedia company. Posting screen of this “book” approaches returned impression a sheet of paper and the resolution is higher than that of the screens of standard computers.
1999 First test of paper with numerical ink resulting from the developments of E-ink on the one hand and Xerox on the other hand.
2000 After ink, become electronic, paper him also has just entered the era of numerical without breaking however with its traditional use. Conceived by the Swedish company Anoto and manufactured in France by the group Hamelin Paper mills, this paper of future offers a new access to technologies of communication while innovating in the way of using data processing. This process uses a paper on which was printed an invisible screen thanks to which each position of a pen ball provided with special equipment (camera, processor and transmitter) will be identified. Once recorded by the camera, the images are sent towards a computer, a PDA or towards Internet, by using a mobile phone. Seemingly, this numerical paper is distinguished from a traditional paper only by one color very slightly gray related to the impression of the screen. Side paper, it is the screen printed and developped at the point by the Anoto company which allows to locate each position of the single pen of way on a surface equivalent to nearly 60 million km ². Side pen, Anoto developed an electronic pen equipped with a point with traditional ball. It is primarily composed of 4 basic elements: an ink which makes it possible to visualize what you write, a camera who records of the catches of sights (50 catches of sight/second) according to displacements of the pen, a processor which locates the position of the pen starting from the images recorded by the camera and a Bluetooth transmitter which transmits the information of the pen towards a receiver. The pen is activated or decontaminated simply by removing or giving the cap. The camera and the infra-red Electroluminescent diode are positioned near the point of the pen. When the pen moves on the paper printed with the screen of Anoto of the catches of sight are recorded. Each catch of sight contains information on the positioning of the points of screen which make it possible to determine the exact position of the pen. When the memory of the processor is saturated, i.e. beyond 50 A4 pages, the images are transmitted via a Bluetooth broadcasting transmitter towards a cellphone then via a system GPRS and towards another cellphone, a PC or a PDA. The weight of this pen is of approximately of 45 G.
2002 Appearance of the free Press
2004 Taken again Socpresse ( Le Figaro ) by Serge Dassault

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See too

See also a site on the origins of the French press http://www.sagapresse.com

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