Chronology of botany

Antiquity

towards 372 av. J. - C. - towards 287 av. J. - C.: Théophraste defines the Botanique like a discipline in whole share, having its clean method and vocabulary.

towards 40 after J. - C. - towards 90: Dioscoride makes appear towards 60 Of materia medica , a work on the medicinal products and which describes a little less than one thousand of plants. There will remain of use at least until the 16th century.

Vincent of Beauvais (v. 1190-1264) made appear an important compilation of knowledge of its time. More critical and end that Thomas de Cantimpré (1201-1263) at the same time, it precedes the encyclopedists of the Renaissance. It was called Pline of the Middle Ages.

Albert Large the, Albertus Magnus (1193 - 1280) philosopher (and Master of Holy Thomas d' Aquin) and alchemist, described in vegetalibus of many plants and differentiates for the first time the Monocotylédones from the Dicotylédones according to the structure of the Tige. It emits the theory that the function of the body controls its form and thus makes of it a capital element of classification. This vision opposes it to Aristote and Théophraste.

1485 : publication in Germany of Gart der Gesundheit of Johannes of Cuba, first printed book of natural history. Its botanical part will be often reprinted during the following decades.
towards 1520 - 1530: Luca Ghini invents the Herbier.
1533 : creation of the first pulpit of botany in Europe with Padoue.
1536 : Jean Ruel very makes an inventory of botanical knowledge of its time in De Natura stirpium libri , but does not propose any method of classification, the species are presented shovel-mixes.
Andrea Cesalpino Elève of Luca Ghini proposes new subdivisions starting from the classification of Théophraste by gathering in 15 classes 1500 known plants. It uses the habitat of the plants but also vegetative characters, carpologic, seeds and flowers. It excludes the properties from the plants like criteria of classification. It understands that the embryo is a fundamental character into systematic.
1538 : publication of the first British flora by William Turner.
1540 : Botanicon, continens herbarum, aliorumque simplicum, quorum usus in medicinis are, descriptiones, & iconas AD vivum effigiatas of Theodore Dorsten.
1544 : Luca Ghini creates with Pisa a Botanical garden.
1568 : creation with Padoue of a Botanical garden by Ulisse Aldrovandi.

1601 : publication of Rariorum plantarum historia of Charles of the Lock (1525-1629) which gathers its preceding works. Its classification is not very advanced but its descriptions are excellent.
1605 : Claude Duret (v. 1570-1611) made appear admirable History of the plants and grasses esmerveillables and miraculous in kind… (Paris, 1605) where it describes strange plants for a tree whose sheets flee on small legs when they touch ground.
1635 : publication of the royal Edict creating the Garden of the king to Paris. It is officially inaugurated in 1640. It has the role, as its name indicates it, royal Jardin of the medicinal plants , to cultivate only medicinal plants.
1640 : publication of Theatrum botanicum of John Parkinson.
1670 : publication of the first flora of Great Britain: Catalogus plantarum Angliæ and insularum adjacentium of John Ray.
1671 : Marcello Malpighi makes appear a study on the vegetal anatomy marking the beginning of this discipline.
1686 : Beginning of the publication of Historia plantarum generalis of John Ray, first attempt at a Flora of the sphere. It presents to it a definition of the species very near to that used by Carl von Linné later.
1694 : Rudolf Jakob Camerarius makes appear De Sexu Plantarum Epistola where it shows the role of the cheesecloth S and the Pistil in the vegetable reproduction.

1705 : died of John Ray, founder of modern botany.
1718 : the Jardin of the king becomes a true establishment of study of the plants and more only of the species with medical values.
1727 : Stephen Hales publishes the result of its research on the breathing of the plants.
1753 : Carl von Linné publishes Species plantarum , not departure of the system of the binomial linnéen and botanical nomenclature.
1762 : publication of the first French work employing the system of the binomial linnéen, Hortus regius monspeliensis of Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), followed in 1765 of the first regional flora, Flora Monspeliaca .
1763 : Michel Adanson makes appear his Familles of the Plants which proposes a new method of the classification of the plants.
1779 : Jan Ingenhousz discovers the role of the light in photosynthesis.
1787 : Thomas Walter makes appear the first flora of North America using the system linnéen.
As from the years 1790, Erik Acharius, Swedish botanist, makes appear work on the Taxinomie of the Lichen S and is regarded as the founder of the Lichenologie.

1806 : Test on the geography of the plants by Alexander von Humboldt and Aime Bonpland
1836: Beginning of the publication of Genera plantarum secundum process naturales disposita Stephan Endlicher (the edition will last until 1850).
1838 : First Flora of the Sicily by Filippo Parlatore.

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