Chronology of Scotland

Prehistory and protohistoire

between -8000 and -7000: first human occupations
towards -3000: appearance of agriculture and the breeding
between -2000 and -1000: (Bronze Age) construction of the monoliths (Brodgar, Callanish, Stenness, Cairnpapple)
towards -500: probable arrival of the Celtic

Antiquity

79 : Conquest of the south of Scotland by Agricola. First historical mention of the country under the name of Caledonia , by Tacit.
82 : attacks Caledonii against the Romans
83: Victoire d' Agricola with Mons Graupius .
towards 118: Construction of the Hadrian's Wall.
towards 139: Construction of the Wall of Antonin.
211 : Fold of the Romans on the Hadrian's Wall.
towards 410: The Romans leave the island of Brittany.
5th century: beginning of the penetration of the tribes Scots, or scotti or scoti, coming from Northern Ireland in the Hébrides and on the Western dimension of shells.

The Middle Ages

563 : Saint Colomba settles in the island of Iona.
613 : Defeat of Britons by the Anglo-Saxons with Chester.
685 : Defeat of the Anglo-Saxons by Pictes with Nechtansmere.
8th century: Transitory unification under the king picte Oengus Ier
9th century: First Scandinavian incursions followed by the colonization of North and the North-West.
the brothers Constantin I er († 820) and Oengus II († 834) join together the two kingdoms
Eòganán mac Angus, wire of Oengus II, king of Scots and Pictes (834-839)
839: Victoire of the Viking S on the Scots and the Pictes. Died of the king Eòganán.
843 : Fusion of the kingdoms of the Scots and the Pictes under the reign of the king scot Kenneth Mac Alpine.
Aedh mac Kenneth, king of Scots and Pictes (877-878)
Eochaid mac Run, king of Scots and Pictes (878-889)
Giric, king of Scots and Pictes (878-889)
10th century: The kingdom of Scots ( Scotland ) extends on but the Norwegian always dominate north and the islands like Northumbrie disputes Lothian.
924 : Constantin II as well as the sovereigns of Northumbrie, Strathclyde and of York, recognize the English sovereign, Edouard Old the of “father and lord”.
Towards 950, Malcolm Ier occupies the Lothian
973: Kenneth II recognizes the king of England Edgar like lord and is seen recognizing Lothian.
11th century: Under the reign of Malcolm III the Christian religious unit is carried out.
1015 : Duncan grandson of the king Malcolm II, becomes king of Strathclyde. In 1034, it succeeds his/her grandfather joining together the two kingdoms.
1040 - 1057: reign of the Picte Macbeth.
1072 : Malcolm III '' Canmore '' lends homage to William the Conqueror, Master of England since the Bataille of Hastings in 1066.
12th century: David Ier supports the blossoming of feudality and the installation of the monasteries. Treaty of Cliff (1174) by which Guillaume Ier the Lion pays homage to the king d' Angleterre Henri II Plantagenêt following the defeat of Alnwick.
13th century: Alexandre III reconquers the islands of the west by the Traité of Perth (1266).
1295 : Signature of a treaty of alliance enters the king of France Philippe Beautiful the and Jean Balliol (Auld Alliance).
1296 : Edouard Ier of England lance several campaigns to conquer Scotland. Carried out by chiefs like William Wallace, Andrew Moray, James Douglas or Robert Bruce, the Scot resist the invader.
1314 : Victoire of Bannockburn.
1320 : Declaration of Arbroath.
1326 : Treaty of Corbeil (renewal of the free-Scottish treaty).
1328 : Treaty of Northampton which recognizes the independence of Scotland. But the hostilities are not completely finished.
1371 : Robert II Stewart reaches the throne. It is the first of a long line of Stuarts of which much will not die of old age.
1406 : Jacques Ier is king d' Écosse but really only of 1424 with reigns 1437.
1437 : Jacques II succeeds his father
1460: Jacques III king d' Écosse.
1488 : With died his/her father, Jacques IV inherits the throne.

Modern time

1513 : Jacques IV is killed with the Bataille of Flodden, Jacques V succeeds to him.
1542 : Marie Stuart, girl of Jacques V and Marie de Guise, becomes queen of Scotland.
1548 : Marie is sent in France where it is promised in marriage to the dolphin. She marries it in 1558.
1559 : The dolphin becomes king de France under the name of François II. Marie Stuart is queen of France.
1560 : The king of France dies of an accident in a tournament. Marie turns over to Scotland in 1561.
1567 : Jacques VI succeeds his mother Marie I {{Re}} which abdicated following the defeat of Carberry Hill.
1587 : Marie, who has been exiled for 19 years in England, is accused of plot and is carried out.
1603 : Death of Elisabeth, Queen of England without heir. Jacques VI, king d' Écosse, succeed to him on the throne of England.
1625 - 1649: Charles I {{er}} reign on England. It is crowned king d' Écosse in 1633.
1638 : Signature of the National Covenant for the support of the Presbytérianisme.
1649 : Charles I {{er}}, supported by the Scot is carried out.
1650 : Olivier Cromwell occupies Scotland after the battles of Dunbar.
1660 - 1685: Restoration of Charles II thanks to the support of the Scot.
1687 : Institution of the Order of the Thistle by the king of England Jacques II, which is also the king of Scotland under the name of Jacques VII.
1707 : Union of the Parliaments and the two Scotland and crowns of England.
1715 - 1745: Several risings of Jacobites, in favor of Stuarts.
1715 : Battle of Sheriffmuir.
1719 : Battle of Glen Shiel.
1745 - 1746: Charles Edouard Stuart ( Bonnie Prince Charlie ) led a rising which ends in the defeat of Culloden.

This victory encourages the English to pacify all Scotland: roads are traced and of the bridges built to facilitate displacements of the troops; the peasants are driven out their grounds ( Highland Clearances ) and emigrate in America.

Modern history

1850 : The railroad connects Scotland to the south of England.
1886 : The Crofters Act protects the small farmers and puts an end to purification Highland S.
1999: Scotland finds its Parlement, whose seat is inaugurated the October 9th 2004.

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