Chronology of Gaulle (- 680/-52)

Chronology of France to Prehistory (until -680) - Roman Chronology of Gaulle (- 52/486)

Greek foundations

-600 : beginning of average Hallstattien, or Hallstattien II or D. Apparition of the tombs with tanks.
-600 or -598: Foundation of Massalia (future Marseilles) by the Phocée NS
-565 or -598: Foundation by Phocéens of the Corsican counter of Alalia (Aléria).
-546 : Phocée being conquered by Persians, migration of several thousands of Phocéens towards the colonies of Occident, and in particular towards Aléria.
-540 : Alliance of the Etruscans and the Carthaginians against Phocéens. The latter leave Aléria to settle in Italy of the South.
towards -510: Burial of Vix (Burgundy).
-500 : Beginning of the second age of iron. Violent destruction in valley of the Rhone probably due to the Celtic invasions. Trade route of the the Rhone is cut; decline of Marseilles.
-479 : Revival of Marseilles, which poses the bases of a maritime empire.
-460 - -479: Alliance of Marseilles and Ibères against Carthage.
-455 : Alliance of Marseilles and the Greeks of Syracuse against the Etruscans. Following the victory against the Etruscans, foundation of the Greek counter of Nikaia (Nice).

Celtic expansion

-450 : Beginning of the Celtic expansion in France. The Celtes of Tène settle in Champagne. They extend little by little on the French territory until the the Garonne. The proportions of these invasions are very known little about, but the populations pre-Celts do not disappear however. The " civilization gauloise" who sets up himself is clearly the result of a Celtic assembly and pre-Celt.
-396 : The Gallic ones (Sénons, Boïens and Insubres in particular) plunder and occupy the north of Italy. They found Milan.
-390 : Brennus, chief Celtic of the Sénons carries out its warriors in Italy and plunders Rome. Allied of Rome, Marseilles cofinances the ransom required by the Gallic ones.
-367 - -349: Terror Gallicum in Italy with many Gallic raids. Rome manages however to push back these bands of plunderers, which put at bag other cities of the boot. The Gallic incursions do not cease after -349, but they are fewer (in -295 and -283, in particular).
October -278: Under the control of Brennos, the Gallic ones plunder Delphes. The group is divided then into three: some return as a Gaulle, in the area of Toulouse, while others settle in Balkans where they found Singidunum (Belgrade). The last group founds in Celtic kingdom of Thrace.
-225 : With the call of Gallic installed in Italy, a Gallic army faces the Romans in order to prevent them from being established in Italy of North. Roman Victoire.
-222 : Taken of Milan by the Romans who are established in Italy of North after the battle of Clastidium.
-218 : Beginning of the second Punic War between Rome and Carthage. The Gallic ones let pass the troops of Hannibal. Only the Gallic Marseillais and their allies salyens try, in vain, to interpose before the crossing of the Alps. Certain Gallic join in Hannibal (Insubres and Boïens, in particular).
-218 : Victoire d' Hannibal on the Romans at the time of the battle of Trébie. Very heavy losses at the Gallic allies of Hannibal.
June 23rd -217: Victoire d' Hannibal on the Romans with the lake Trasimère thanks to the Gallic allies.
-216 : Victoire d' Hannibal on the Romans at the time of the Battle of Cannes. Two thirds of the losses of the Carthaginians are the Gallic ones.
-202 : Victoire de Scipion the African on Hannibal with Zama. One the third of the Carthaginian troops was Gallic.
-192 : Decisive Victoire of Rome on Boïens.
towards -150: Constitution of an Empire arverne in the center of Gaulle.
-126 : The limits of the empire arverne arrive at the doors of Marseilles.

Beginning of the Roman intervention

-125 : Attacks of Marseilles by Salyens. The Marseillais claim the assistance of Rome, which sends an army.
-124 : The Romans found Aix after having subjected and destroyed the oppidum salyen of Entremont.
-123 : The Romans grant to Eduens, who control the junction of the the Saone and the the Rhone, the title of allied people of Rome. Combined of Arvernes, Allobroges attack Eduens. Eduens ask for the assistance of Rome which sends an army.
-122 : Victoire of the Romans on Allobroges.
-121 : Arvenes enter the conflict to the sides of Allobroges. Roman Victoire of Bollène with the capture of the king of Arvernes, Bituitos. Abandonment of the monarchical system by Arvernes which adopts an aristocratic government.
-120 : Domitius requires the transformation of Gaulle of the south into Roman province.
-118 : Roman occupation of the Languedocien littoral. Foundation of the Roman colony of Narbo Martius (Narbonne). The Romans push back Arvernes beyond the Cevennes.
-117 : The Mediterranean coastline is pacified by the Romans and becomes a Roman province. Domitius undertakes the construction of the Way known as Domitienne by taking again many elements of the old way héracléenne.
-109 : Teutons and Hélvètes cross the Rhine and require asylum of Rome. Refusal of the Romans. Alliance between Teutons, Helvètes and Cimbres which beat the Romans ordered by the Silanus consul.
-107 : Revolt of Volques Tectosages which besieges a Roman garrison in Toulouse. An army of help manages to make raise the seat and Volques Tectosages is constrained to give up their treasure estimated at 200.000 visitors' books.

-105 : Cimbres, Teutons and Ambrons descend the Rhone and crush a strong Roman army of 80.000 men ordered by the proconsul Cepio.
-104 : Marius in Provence where it makes dig a channel between the Rhone and the Mediterranean.
July 30th -101: Roman Victoire of Marius on Cimbres with Verceil. Overcome, men, women and children, commit suicide. One estimates at more than 100.000 dead the assessment of this battle and his epilog.
towards -100: Beginning of the period of Tène III. Following the devastations of Cimbres and Teutons, the Gallic ones give up their villages to settle in fortified towns: oppida. Reoccupying of old the oppida hallstattiens. The Gallic ones remained in their villages arrange defenses there.
-90 : Revolt of Salyens against Rome.
-80 : Revolt of Volques in Toulouse and Voconces in the Alps.
-77 : Pumped the Narbonnese pacifies.
-76 : Beginning of plundering by the Romans of the territories Volques and Voconces under the direction of the new governor, Manius Fonteius.
-71 : Pumped makes gift in Marseilles of the grounds around Nimes, confiscated in Volques.
-61 : War enters Séquanes and Eduens. Séquanes supported by Arvernes and Suèves are essential. Suèves ordered by Arioviste claim a tribe extravagant for their intervention. Séquanes refuse and are massacred by Suèves.
-60 : Union of the enemies of yesterday (Séquanes and Eduens) vis-a-vis the Suève threat. Victoire of Suèves which occupies from now on all high Alsace.

The War of Gaules

-58 : Jules César is proconsul of Gaulle Transalpine and Cisalpine. During the winter, Helvètes burn them same the villages and try to migrate towards the interior of Gaulle. César refuses this migration, but Eduens find an area of agreement with Helvètes to enable them to cross their territory. Pretexting that Helvètes had been delivered to plundering at the time of their passage over the grounds of Eduens, Eduens ask for the assistance of César which is then close to Lugdunum (Lyon). César beats Helvètes in June and obliges Helvètes survivors to turn over on their grounds.
July -58: Hairy general meeting of the people of Gaulle to decide the measures to be taken to contain Suèves d' Arioviste. A request for control of César is required.
September -58: After negotiations which turn short, César beats Arioviste. Suèves are pushed back beyond the the Rhine.
winter -57: Revolt Belgian people against Eduens and the Romans. Bent, king of Suessions, is indicated to order the Gallic army.
May -57: Victoire de César against Bent.
June -57: Catch of the capital of Suessions by César; Bent captive.
July -57: César subjects Bellovaques and Ambiens around the future towns of Beauvais and Amiens.
September -57: César subjects Nerviens, Atrébates, Aduatiques, Ebruons and Viromandui, people occupying Vermandois, Hainaut, the Brabant and Artois.
-56 : Continuation of pacification of Gaulle, Normandy in Aquitaine, and Morbihan in the Rhine, by lieutenants de César.
September -54: Carnutes assassinate Tagset, their king. César punished. Rising of Ebruons which massacres fifteen Roman troops.
October -54: The revolt becomes extensive. Nerviens, the Armorican ones, Sénons and Trévires raise and drive out the Gallic Romans and their partisans their grounds.
November -54: Reaction of César which beats Ebruons. Its lieutenant Labienus subjects Trévires.
February -53: Arrival of three Roman legions as a Gaulle. They are from now on ten with the service of César to hold Gaulle.
March -53: César plunders the territory of Nerviens.
April -53: César convenes a general meeting of the Gallic people in Amiens. Three people refuse the invitation: Trévires, Carnutes and Sénons. It returns the assembly and beats the unsubmissive people.
August -53: With the continuation of Ambiorix, unsubdued chief of Ebruons, César devastates the Ardennes, where Ambiorix had found refuge. Ambiorix escapes however César.
September -53: César convenes a general meeting of the people Gallic in Rheims and constrained the latter to condemn the attitude of Ambiorix.
January 23rd -52: The signal of the general rising of the Gallic people against Rome is given. The command of the Gallic armies is entrusted to Arverne Vercingetorix. The people entering immediately in revolt are Arvernes, Carnutes, Parisii, Carduques, Pictons, Sénons, the Andes, Lemovices, Aulerques and the whole of the people of the western frontage. Other people join then the rows of the insurrection. Massacre Roman garrison based with Genabum (Orleans).

February -52: The Gallic ones take Narbonne. César reacts by devastating Velay. Vercingétorix comes then to the front from César, but this last fact movement towards Sens and takes the city.
March -52: César takes Vellaunodunum (Montargis) and Orleans. Vercingétorix which had put the seat in front of Gorgobina, assists from Avaricum (Bourges), which threat from now on César.
April -52: After 25 days of head office and in spite of the attempts of Vercingétorix to disorganize the Roman seat, César enters to Bourges. The city is shaven and all the inhabitants are put at death.
May -52: César sends its lieutenant Labienus to put the seat in front of Lutèce (Paris), not strategic of the de Gaulle roads. César leaves to put the seat in front of Gergovie. In same time, Eduens revolt against the Romans and pass in the camp of Vercingétorix. They take Noviodunum, not strategic for the Romans. It is there that were the Roman arsenal, but also the Gallic treasure and hostages, who are released. Labienus beats Parisii in front of Lutèce and sets out again at once in order to subdue Eduens. César which does not manage to make fall Gergovie defended by Vercingétorix, fact movement towards Alésia. Vercingétorix falls into the trap while following César.
August -52: Vercingétorix is constrained by César to find refuge with Alesia with its 80.000 men. César puts the seat in front of Alésia.
September 20th -52: Arrival of the Gallic army of help of 250.000 men with Alesia. César is now taken out of vice between the 80.000 men of Vercingétorix in the fortified town of Alesia and the 250.000 men of the army of help. Roman defenses resist three massive attacks of the army of help.
September 25th -52: At the request of the Eduens chiefs, the army of help is withdrawn.

September 27th -52: Vercingétorix goes to César. The army of Vercingétorix is reduced in slavery.
October -52: Arvernes and Eduens are subjected to César.
February -51: Bituriges and Carnutes are subjected after new combat vis-a-vis César.
March -51: Bellovaques and Atrébates are submitted after engagements vis-a-vis lieutenants de César.
April -51: Victoire de César on Ebruons, which is subjected. In same time, Fabius subjects South-west while Labienus beats Trévires.
May -51: Gallic coalition enters the Andes, Sénons and Cadurques to try to take again Lemonum (Poitiers). They fail and move then towards the North-West where they are beaten by Fabius.
August -51: César makes capitulate Uxellodunum after a seat. Fabius subjects Carnutes and the Armorican ones.
September -51: Labienus subjects Trévires and César pacifies Aquitaine.
November -51: Gaulle is pacified.
winter -50: César transforms Gaulle hairy into Roman province.
September -49: After having crossed Rubicon the January 12th -49, César returns as a Gaulle to take Marseilles, only free city de Gaulle not yet subjected to Rome. The statute of former friend of Rome did not help the Marseillais to preserve their independence.

See too

Chronology of France to Prehistory (until -680)
Roman Chronology of Gaulle (- 52-486)

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