The chronology of écologisme (or environnementalism) takes again the events having marked the public and having influenced the concerns Environnement ales; this Chronologie includes/understands the publication dates of important books for the genesis of the various currents of écologisme and the appearance of key concepts. It also takes again the foundations of organizations conservationnists, environmentalists, of parties ecologists like some dates of resolutions or international conventions on the level of the official authorities. Also a part properly historical good includes before the birth of movements.

18th century

  • 1720 India, of the hundreds of villager prevent the soldiers of the maharaja of Jodhpur from destroying trees, this fact is regarded as the preceding history of the Mouvement Chipko

  • 1739 Pennsylvania the United States Benjamin Franklin and of the neighbors deposit a petition at the assembly of Pennsylvania to make stop the discharges of waste of the tanneries (of the commercial district of Philadelphia) - Franklin public rights mentions thereafter (“public law, of the citizens”)
  • 1762 with 1769, always with Philadelphia, a committee tries to control and control the Pollution of water and waste

19th century

  • 1815 the United Kingdom foundation of the Open Commons Spaces & Foothpats safeguarding society

  • 1854 Henry David Thoreau publishes Walden or the life in wood , Thoreau is regarded as the first environmentalist
  • 1854 France foundation of the zoological imperial Société of acclimatization become current the Fédération France-Nature-Environment .
  • 1858 the United Kingdom with London the Great stink (see) coming from sewages, pollution important (the the Thames being literally a sewer with open sky) pleasing to install a management system of waste water.
  • 1864 George Marsh (the United States) publishes the man and nature ( natural Man and ), the first systematic analysis of the destructive impact of humanity on the environment
  • 1864 the protection United States of the valley of the Yosemite by decree
  • 1866 the term ecology is created by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel
  • 1872 the United States, the creation of the first large Natural park fine Yellowstone
  • of the Années 1870 the United States: rarefaction of the Bison S, elimination continues in spite of the requests of the Amerindians in the treaties, and quasi disappearance in the years 1890.
  • the 1876 United Kingdom River Pollution Control Act law which prohibits the waste water discharge in a river.
  • 1892 the birth United States of the first ONG of defense of the Natural , the Sierra Club
Ottó Hermann of the Institute of Hungarian ornithology, implied in environmental protection, 1890 first international congress of ornithology, environmental concern to check not RF in article wikipedia -->*

20th century

  • 1905 the creation United States of “The American Society Bison” to protect the surviving bisons

  • 1906 Elisee Reclus publishes the man and the ground
  • 1915 the first denunciations virulent of the wasting of the Natural resources of our industrial society are due to a biologist and Scottish town planner Patrick Geddes, considered as the precursor of the Sustainable development
  • the Thirties Dust Bowl, storms of dust due to the accelerated erosion of the grounds, which brings to the realization of one of the first documentary films environmentalists
  • 1945 Japan: atomic Bombardments of Hiroshima and Nagasaki nearly 76.000 deaths directly, more than 200.000 of the continuations of the irradiations and an incommensurable impact on the medium.
  • 1948 International: foundation of the first large international organization of conservation of the Natural : the International union for the nature conservation
  • 1950 Japan, the intensive mining extraction in the area of Toyama brings an acute intoxication to the Cadmium, giving the disease “itaï-itaï”
  • 1951 the International union for the nature conservation publishes an alarming report bonds between economy and ecology
  • December 1952 - the United Kingdom, in London: thousands of death because of a particularly fatal Smog great smog or Killer fog
  • 1954 radioactive fallout during the nuclear test of Castle Cheer: contamination in the islands Bikini, and fishing to see the Japanese ship ,
  • 1959 Japan: The Maladie of Minamata is highlighted: poisoning with the mercury of with the rejection of a factory since the Thirties.

The Years 1960

Japan: claims against the Chisso company (responsible for the disease of Minamata), installation of the first buying associations directly to the producer by Teikei or in Seikatsu , organized in co-operatives or networks, first protests against the nuclear power in the United States (in particular Barry Commoner, Linus Pauling being opposed to the nuclear tests)

  • between 1961 and 1971, the United States use defoliants, of which the orange Agent in their war against the Vietnam.
  • 1961 creation of the World Wildlife Fund
  • 1962 France - Creation of the Association for protection against the ionizing rays (APRI) rested by Jean Pignero.
  • 1962 the United States - Rachel Carson publishes Silent spring (" Spring silencieux"). By its repercussion, this book contributes to the prohibition of DDT to HAVE, and popularizes the term ecology .
  • 1964 the United States - Wilderness Act to see
  • 1965 Japan: first purchase grouped of a Teikei
  • 1967 first Oil slick which makes scandal with the shipwreck of the tanker Torrey Canyon: 123.000 tons of oil soils 180 km of British and French coasts.
  • 1969 David R. Brower, defector of the Sierra Club founds association Friends off the Earth (Friends of the Earth)
  • 1969 the United States the Lac Erié is ecologically considered died
  • 1969 Europe accidental pollution of the the Rhine, close to Bingen, by a barrel of 500 liters insecticide, the Endosulfan, which pollutes the river on more than 600 km, (more than 20 million fish perish).
  • 1969 France - mobilization to preserve the Park of Vanoise of a tourist great project

The Years 1970

Description of a periodic reduction in the Ozone in the the Antarctic: the “hole of the Layer of ozone”, first official agency or Department of the Environments like EPA, first top of the Earth, opposition to the nuclear power and first installations of néo-rural in France,…
  • 1970 20 million people take part in the first celebration of the Jour of the Earth ( Earth Day ) on April 22nd in the United States, demonstration for a legislation of environmental protection
  • 1970 the foundation United States of the Environmental Protection Agency
  • 1970 (or 69) birth of the British magazine The Ecologist , founded by Edward Goldsmith
  • 1970 France: formation of the Committee against atomic pollution in the La Hague , because of the construction of reprocessing the Plant of La Hague; Committee of safeguard of Fessenheim and plain of the Rhine because of the future establishment of a nuclear plant with Fessenheim, where is held the first national demonstration ecologist followed by an occupation of the two months site.
  • 1978 Shipwreck of the Amoco Cadiz on the Breton coasts, call to the boycott of the company Shell
  • 1978 the United States: the business of pollution of " " who will bring to a law of environmental protection in 1980, (see in)
  • 1978 Hawaii lawsuit “Palila vs. Hawaii”. Audubon Society , a bird, the “palila” brings a lawsuit to make protect its habitat. The lawsuit is indeed recorded under the heading “Palila vs. Hawaii”. -->
  • 1979 Hans Jonas publishes the Principle responsibility - repercussion in Germany and in the Anglo-Saxon world (translation in English 1984 - translation in French in 1990)
  • 1979: The United States: Fusion of a nuclear reactor on the island of Three Mile Island -

The Years 1980

  • 1980 the United States conference " ecofeminism and life on terre"

  • 1980 the foundation United States of Earth first! radical ecologist group
  • 1982 Europe Legislation: Directive first Seveso to identify and control the sites with Risk
  • 1982 Convention of the United Nations on the right of the sea
  • 1984: India Catastrophe of Bhopal an escape of 40 tons pollutant gases of the factory of pesticides of Union Carbide makes more than 8.000 dead in the first three days and more than 20.000 in nearly 20 years.
  • 1985 : Alarm on the major reduction in the concentration of Ozone in the Antarctic
  • 1985 the term Biodiversité is created to express biological diversity
  • 1985 the United States the first Community Supported Agriculture , partnership of proximity between a group of consumers and a farm
  • 1985 Bill Devall and George Sessions publish " Deep ecology: Living room Natural Ace yew Mattered " major ecology ) to check complete title -->
  • 1985 New Zealand, before the French nuclear tests, the Rainbow Warrior of Greenpeace is run by the secret services: to see the Business of Rainbow Warrior
  • 1985 France creation of association Robin of Wood of environmental protection.
  • 1986 moratory on the Hunting for the whale, this one being in danger because of the Surpêche - some countries do not sign the moratorium
  • 1986 Catastrophe of Tchernobyl explosion of the nuclear plant in Ukraine
  • 1986 Following Tchernobyl, creation in France of CRIIRAD, independent organism of control of the radioactivity.
  • 1987 Protocol of Montreal set up to eliminate the substances which impoverish the Couche of ozone
  • 1987 first definition official of the Sustainable development
  • 1988 France Brice Lalonde enters to the government and becomes the first Secretary of State to the Environment.
  • 1988 the United Nations: creation of the intergovernmental Group of expert on the evolution of the climate
  • 1988 the business of the discharge of the loading of toxic ashes of the boat Khian Sea : 4.000 tons of ashes coming from the incinerator of Philadelphia are poured in Haiti, vis-a-vis the outcry, the boat flees. It pours the remainder of the cargo (approximately 10.000 tons) in the sea. (see)
  • 1989 the Alaska United States: the oil slick of the Exxon Valdez pollutes 800 km of coasts
  • 1989 media turn of Raoni, Indian Kayapo and of Sting to alert on the deforestation of the Amazon forest. Foundation of the Rainforest foundation , which allows creation four years later of a protected park.
  • March 1989: Convention of Basle on the transport of Waste dangerous and their elimination, the objective to reduce the circulation of dangerous waste between the countries, in particular towards the Developing country.

The Years 1990

The Business McLibel, opposing militants ecologists and a multinational, the longest British lawsuit, official measurements in favor of the Sustainable development, emergence of the “écoguerrier S”.

  • 1991 first Day without purchase on the initiative of Adbusters of the current " anti-consumériste" , in relation to concerns of the growth on the environment.
  • June 1992 the United Nations: Second Summit of the Earth to Rio, adoption of the Convention of Rio or Convention on the biological diversity which introduces the Precaution principle, the Agenda 21
a world forum of ONG simultaneously with the top of the ground with more than 7.000 ONG of 165 countries, the adoption of a convention tallies on the climate changes, (tallies of the future protocol of Kyoto).
  • 1992 first critical mass in San Francisco
  • 1992 birth of Earth Release Face in England, movement radical ecologist.
  • 1994 the United Nations: Convention on the fight against the turning into a desert
  • 1995 under the pressure of the ecologists, adoption of the amendment of the convention of Basle, aiming at prohibiting export by the OECD countries of dangerous waste. This amendment, to which countries like the United States and Canada are highly opposed, did not come into effect.
  • 1996 beginning of the crisis of the “mad cow” (ESB) in the United Kingdom, then in continental Europe
  • 1997 conférence of Kyoto on the climate change: beginning of the negotiations of the Protocol of Kyoto on the reductions of emissions of CO2
  • 1997 EU law: directing Seveso II , amendment of the Directive Seveso
  • 1997 California: Julia Hill settles in a Séquoia to prevent the demolition of a zone Naturelle, it remains there until 1999 after having obtained win, supported by environmental organizations who make known her action.

  • 1998 the United Nations Convention of Aarhus on the access to information, the participation of the public in the decision-making process and the access to justice as regards environment

  • 1998 polemical around GMO cultivated in full field. The GMO food are rejected by nearly 80% of the French but nourish the cattle.

  • 1999 first International festival of film on the environment, in the State of Goiás, Brazil.
  • 1999 Asia: description of the brown Cloud of Asia, gigantic cloud of pollution
  • 1999 Belgium crisis of the Dioxane,
  • December 1999: shipwreck of the tanker Erika
  • 2000 the United Nations: protocol of Carthagène (Spain) on the prevention of the biotechnological risks (PNUE)
  • 2000: Romania-Hungary accidental discharge of 100.000 m ³ of water containing of the Cyanide in an affluent of the the Tisza, destroying any aquatic life in the course of the river to the Black Sea

  • 2000 the United Nations: initiative of the world Pact ( Total impact in English)

21e century

2006
  • Mars 2006: Left a book of common dialog of Nicolas Hulot and Pierre Rabhi.
  • April 2006 France: creation of the Party for the decrease
  • May 2006 China: put out of water of hydroelectric most dam of the world, the Stopping of the Three Throats) on the Yangzi Jiang, largely discussed (see also)
  • September 2006 Business of Probo Koala, in Ivory Coast of the toxic waste unloaded by the ship causes an environmental catastrophe and results in the death of 10 people…

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